Calonectria

De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(fasc. 3): 477. 1867.

Synonyms: Cylindrocladium Morgan, Bot. Gaz. 17: 191. 1892.
Candelospora Rea & Hawley, Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 13: 11. 1912.
Classification: Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Hypocreales, Nectriaceae.
Type species: Calonectria pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. Holotype: Italy, leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Daldini (as Ca. daldiniana); Lectotype: France, litter of Platanus, Autumn. Desm., Pl. Crypt. France Ed. 2 (2) # 372 (fide Rossman 1979); no culture or DNA data available.
DNA barcodes (genus): LSU, ITS.
DNA barcodes (species): cmdA, his3, tef1, tub2, and rpb2.

Ascomata perithecial, solitary or in groups, globose to subglobose to ovoid, yellow to orange to red or red-brown to brown, turning dark red to red-brown in KOH, rough-walled; ascomatal apex consisting of flattened, thick-walled hyphal elements with rounded tips forming a palisade, discontinuous with warty wall, gradually becoming thinner towards ostiolar canal, and merging with outer periphyses; ascomatal base consisting of dark brown-red, angular cells, merging with an erumpent stroma, cells of outer wall layer continuing into pseudoparenchymatous cells of erumpent stroma. Asci 8-spored, clavate, tapering to a long thin stalk. Ascospores aggregated in upper third of ascus, hyaline, smooth, fusoid with rounded ends, straight to sinuous, unconstricted, or constricted at septa. Megaconidiophores, if present, borne on agar surface or immersed in agar; stipe extensions mostly absent; conidiophores unbranched, terminating in 1–3 phialides, or sometimes with a single subterminal phialide; phialides straight to curved, cylindrical, seemingly producing a single conidium, periclinal thickening and an inconspicuous, divergent collarette rarely visible. Megaconidia hyaline, smooth, frequently remaining attached to phialide, multi-septate, widest in middle, bent or curved, with a truncated base and rounded apical cell. Macroconidiophores consist of a stipe, a penicillate arrangement of fertile branches, a stipe extension, and a terminal vesicle; stipe septate, hyaline or slightly pigmented at base, smooth or finely verruculose; stipe extensions septate, straight to flexuous, mostly thin-walled, terminating in a thin-walled vesicle of characteristic shape. Conidiogenous apparatus with 0–1-septate primary branches, up to eight additional branches, mostly aseptate, each terminal branch producing 1–6 phialides; phialides cylindrical to allantoid, straight to curved, or doliiform to reniform, hyaline, aseptate, apex with minute periclinal thickening and inconspicuous divergent collarette. Macroconidia cylindrical, rounded at both ends, straight or curved, widest at base, middle, or first basal septum, 1- to multi-septate, lacking visible abscission scars, held in parallel cylindrical clusters by colourless slime. Microconidiophores consist of a stipe and a penicillate or subverticillate arrangement of fertile branches; primary branches 0–1-septate, subcylindrical; secondary branches 0–1-septate, terminating in 1–4 phialides; phialides cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, apex with minute periclinal thickening and marginal frill. Microconidia cylindrical, straight to curved, rounded at apex, flattened at base, 1(–3)-septate, held in asymmetrical clusters by colourless slime.

Culture characteristics:

Colonies on MEA white to pale brick when young, becoming pale brick to dark sepia when mature, fluffy, cottony, effuse to convex with papillate surface, margin entire, undulate, lobate, or fimbriate, sometimes with abundant chlamydospores forming microsclerotia within medium.

Optimal media and cultivation conditions: CLA to induce sporulation of the asexual morph at 25 °C, while for the sexual morph sterile toothpicks placed on SNA is used at 20 °C.

Distribution:

Worldwide.

Hosts:

Soil-borne pathogens of forestry, agricultural and horticultural crops representing approximately 100 plant families and 340 plant host species (Crous 2002, Lombard et al. 2010c).

Disease symptoms:

Leaf spots, leaf and shoot blights, cutting rot, stem cankers, damping-off and root rot.

Notes:

The genus Calonectria presently includes 151 species of which only Ca. hederae and Ca. pyrochroa are not supported by ex-type cultures and supplementary DNA barcodes. Species delimitation based on morphology alone is complicated by the large number of cryptic taxa recognised in this genus (Lombard et al. 2016). The perithecia of several Calonectria spp. are morphologically similar. The cylindrocladium-like asexual morph, the life phase most commonly found in nature, is extensively used for taxon identification, although it is complicated by the morphological overlap of some cryptic species. For accurate species delimitation, phylogenetic inference of the cmdA, tef1 and tub2 (or combinations of these) is required.

References:

Crous 2002 (morphology, pathogenicity and monograph); Lombard et al. 2010a–d, 2015, 2016 (morphology, phylogeny and key of Calonectria spp.); Alfenas et al. 2015 (morphology and phylogeny).
Alfenas RF, Lombard L, Pereira OL, et al. (2015). Diversity and potential impact of Calonectria species in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Studies in Mycology 80: 89–130.
Crous PW (2002). Taxonomy and pathology of Cylindrocladium (Calonectria) and allied genera. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Lombard L, Chen SF, Mou X, et al. (2015). New species, hyper-diversity and potential importance of Calonectria spp. from Eucalyptus in South China. Studies in Mycology 80: 151–188.
Lombard L, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, et al. (2010a). Phylogeny and systematics of the genus Calonectria. Studies in Mycology 66: 31–69.
Lombard L, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, et al. (2010b). Species concepts in Calonectria (Cylindrocladium). Studies in Mycology 66: 1–14.
Lombard L, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, et al. (2010c). Multigene phylogeny and mating tests reveal three cryptic species related to Calonectria pauciramosa. Studies in Mycology 66: 15–30.
Lombard L, Wingfield MJ, Alfenas AC, et al. (2016). The forgotten Calonectria collection: Pouring old wine into new bags. Studies in Mycology 85: 159–198.
Lombard L, Zhou XD, Crous PW, et al. (2010d). Calonectria species associated with cutting rot of Eucalyptus. Persoonia 24: 1–11.
Rossman AY (1979). Calonectria and its type species, C. daldiniana, a later synonym of C. pyrochroa. Mycotaxon 8: 321–328.

Table 1. DNA barcodes of accepted Calonectria spp.

Species

Isolates¹

GenBank accession numbers²

References

tub2

cmdA

tef1

his3

rpb2

ITS

LSU

Ca. acicola

CBS 114812^T

DQ190590

GQ267359

GQ267291

DQ190693

KY653352

GQ280547

GQ280669

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. aconidialis

CBS 136086^T

KJ463017

KJ462785

KJ463133

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. amazonica

CBS 116250^T

KX784612

KX784555

KX784682

KY653355

KY653241

KY653297

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. amazoniensis

CBS 115440^T

KX784615

KX784558

KX784685

KY653358

KY653244

KY653300

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. angustata

CBS 109065^T

AF207543

GQ267361

FJ918551

DQ190696

KY653359

GQ280548

GQ280671

Crous & Kang (2001), Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. arbusta

CBS 136079^T

KJ462904

KJ463018

KJ462787

KJ463135

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. asiatica

CBS 114073^T

AY725616

AY725741

AY725705

AY725658

GQ280550

GQ280672

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. australiensis

CBS 112954^T

DQ190596

GQ267363

GQ267293

DQ190699

KY653361

GQ280552

GQ280674

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. blephiliae

CBS 136425^T

KF777246

KF777243

KF777141

KF777197

Crous et al. (2013)

Ca. brachiatica

CBS 123700^T

FJ696388

GQ267366

GQ267296

FJ696396

GQ280555

GQ280677

Lombard et al. (2009, 2010b)

Ca. brasiliana

CBS 111484^T

KX784616

KX784559

KX784686

KY653362

KY653245

KY653301

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. brasiliensis

CBS 230.51^T

GQ267241

GQ267421

GQ267328

GQ267259

KY653364

GQ280624

GQ280746

Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. brassiana

CBS 134855^T

KM395969

KM396056

KM395882

KM396139

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. brassicae

CBS 111869^T

AF232857

GQ267382

FJ918567

DQ190720

KM232308

GQ280576

GQ280698

Crous et al. (1999, 2006); Lombard et al. (2009, 2010b)

Ca. brassicicola

CBS 112841^T

KX784619

KX784561

KX784689

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. brevistipitata

CBS 115671^T

KX784623

KX784565

KX784693

KY653368

KY653248

KY653304

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. canadania

CBS 110817^T

AF348212

AY725743

GQ267297

AF348228

KY653369

GQ280556

GQ280678

Kang et al. (2001); Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. candelabrum

CPC 1675

FJ972426

GQ267367

FJ972525

FJ972476

GQ280557

GQ280679

Lombard et al. (2010a,b)

Ca. cerciana

CBS 123693^T

FJ918510

GQ267369

FJ918559

FJ918528

GQ280559

GQ280681

Lombard et al. (2009, 2010b)

Ca. chinensis

CBS 114827^T

AY725619

AY725747

AY725710

AY725661

KY653371

GQ280561

GQ280683

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. clavata

CBS 114557^T

AF333396

GQ267377

GQ267305

DQ190623

KY653372

GQ280571

GQ280693

Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. cliffordicola

CBS 111812^T

KX784624

KX784566

KX784694

KY653374

KY653249

KY653305

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. colhounii

CBS 293.79^T

DQ190564

GQ267373

GQ267301

DQ190639

KY653376

GQ280565

GQ280687

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. colombiana

CBS 115127^T

FJ972423

GQ267455

FJ972492

FJ972442

GQ280660

GQ280782

Lombard et al. (2010a,b)

Ca. colombiensis

CBS 112220^T

GQ267207

AY725748

AY725711

AY725662

GQ280566

GQ280688

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. crousiana

CBS 127198^T

HQ285794

HQ285822

HQ285808

Chen et al. (2011)

Ca. cylindrospora

CBS 110666

FJ918509

GQ267423

FJ918557

FJ918527

KY653378

GQ280626

GQ280748

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. densa

CBS 125261^T

GQ267232

GQ267444

GQ267352

GQ267281

GQ280647

GQ280769

Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. duoramosa

CBS 134656^T

KM395940

KM396027

KM395853

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. ecuadoriae

CBS 111406^T

DQ190600

GQ267375

GQ267303

DQ190705

KY653381

GQ280569

GQ280691

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. ecuadorensis

CBS 111706^T

KX784674

KX784604

KX784747

KY653382

KY653252

KY653308

Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. ericae

CBS 114458^T

KX784629

KX784571

KX784699

KY653385

KY653255

KY653311

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. eucalypti

CBS 125275^T

GQ267218

GQ267430

GQ267338

GQ267267

GQ280633

GQ280755

Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. eucalypticola

CBS 134847^T

KM395964

KM396051

KM395877

KM396134

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. expansa

CBS 136247^T

KJ462914

KJ463029

KJ462798

KJ463146

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. floridana

CBS 114692^T

KX784651

KX784588

KX784722

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. foliicola

CBS 136641^T

KJ462916

KJ463031

KJ462800

KJ463148

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. fujianensis

CBS 127201^T

HQ285792

HQ285820

HQ285806

Chen et al. (2011)

Ca. glaeboicola

CBS 134852^T

KM395966

KM396053

KM395879

KM396136

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. gordoniae

CBS 112142^T

AF449449

GQ267381

GQ267309

DQ190708

KY653386

GQ280575

GQ280697

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. gracilipes

CBS 111141^T

DQ190566

GQ267385

GQ267311

DQ190644

KY653387

GQ280579

GQ280701

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. gracilis

CBS 111807^T

AF232858

GQ267407

GQ267323

DQ190646

KY653390

GQ280610

GQ280734

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. guangxiensis

CBS 136092^T

KJ462919

KJ463034

KJ462803

KJ463151

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. hainanensis

CBS 136248^T

KJ463036

KJ462805

KJ463152

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. hawksworthii

CBS 111870^T

AF333407

GQ267386

FJ918558

DQ190649

KY653391

GQ280580

GQ280702

Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. henricotiae

CBS 138102^T

JX535308

KF815157

KF815185

JX535322

Gehesquiere et al. (2016)

Ca. hodgesii

CBS 133609^T

KC491228

KC491222

KC491225

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. hongkongensis

CBS 114828^T

AY725622

AY725755

AY725717

AY725667

GQ280581

GQ280703

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. humicola

CBS 125251^T

GQ267233

GQ267445

GQ267353

GQ267282

GQ280648

GQ280770

Lombard et al. (2010c)

Ca. hurae

CBS 114551

AF333408

GQ267387

FJ918548

DQ190728

GQ280583

GQ280705

Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c)

Ca. ilicicola

CBS 190.50^T

AY725631

AY725764

AY725726

AY725676

KM232307

GQ280605

GQ280727

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. indonesiae

CBS 112823^T

AY725623

AY725756

AY725718

AY725668

KY653394

GQ280585

GQ280707

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. indonesiana

CBS 112936^T

KX784631

KX784573

KX784701

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. indusiata

CBS 144.36^T

GQ267239

GQ267453

GQ267332

GQ267262

KY653396

GQ280658

GQ280780

Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. insularis

CBS 114558^T

AF210861

GQ267389

FJ918556

FJ918526

KY653398

GQ280587

GQ280709

Schoch et al. (1999); Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. kyotensis

CBS 114525^T

AF348215

AY725750

AY725713

AF261741

Crous et al. (2004)

Ca. lageniformis

CBS 111324^T

KX784632

KX784574

KX784702

KY653400

KY653256

KY653312

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. lateralis

CBS 136629^T

KJ462955

KJ463070

KJ462840

KJ463186

KY653402

KY653258

KY653314

Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. lauri

CBS 749.70^T

GQ267210

GQ267388

GQ267312

GQ267250

KY653403

GQ280584

GQ280706

Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. leguminum

CBS 728.68^T

AF389837

GQ267391

FJ918547

DQ190654

GQ280589

GQ280711

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010c)

Ca. leucothoes

CBS 109166^T

FJ918508

GQ267392

FJ918553

FJ918523

KY653404

GQ280590

GQ280712

Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. longiramosa

CBS 116319^T

KX784635

KX784577

KX784705

KY653406

KY653260

KY653316

Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. machaerinae

CBS 123183^T

KX784636

KX784706

KY653407

KY653261

KY653317

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. madagascariensis

CBS 114572^T

DQ190572

GQ267394

GQ267314

DQ190658

KY653409

GQ280592

GQ280714

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. macroconidialis

CBS 114880^T

AF232855

GQ267393

GQ267313

DQ190655

KY653410

GQ280591

GQ280713

Crous et al. (1999, 2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. magnispora

CBS 136249^T

KJ462956

KJ463071

KJ462841

KJ463187

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. malesiana

CBS 112752^T

AY725627

AY725760

AY725722

AY725672

GQ280594

GQ280716

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. maranhensis

CBS 134811^T

KM395948

KM396035

KM395861

KM396118

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. metrosideri

CBS 133603^T

KC294313

KC294304

KC294310

KC294308

Alfenas et al. (2013)

Ca. mexicana

CBS 110918^T

AF210863

GQ267396

FJ972526

FJ972460

KY653412

GQ280596

GQ280718

Schoch et al. (1999); Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. microconidialis

CBS 136638^T

KJ462960

KJ463075

KJ462845

KJ463191

KY653411

KY653262

KY653318

Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. monticola

CBS 140645^T

KT964769

KT964771

KT964773

KT964775

KT983443

Crous et al. (2015)

Ca. mossambicensis

CBS 137243^T

JX570722

JX570718

JX570726

JX570730

Crous et al. (2013)

Ca. multilateralis

CBS 110932^T

KX784642

KX784580

KX784712

KY653413

KY653263

KY653319

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. multinaviculata

CBS 134858^T

KM395985

KM396072

KM395898

KM396155

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. multiphialidica

CBS 112678^T

AY725628

AY725761

AY725723

AY725673

KY653415

GQ280597

GQ280719

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. multiseptata

CBS 112682^T

DQ190573

GQ267397

FJ918535

DQ190659

KY653416

GQ280598

GQ280720

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. naviculata

CBS 101121^T

GQ267211

GQ267399

GQ267317

GQ267252

KM232309

GQ280600

GQ280722

Lombard et al. (2010b, 2015)

Ca. nemicola

CBS 134837^T

KM395979

KM396066

KM395892

KM396149

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. nemoralis

CBS 116249^T

KX784679

KX784609

KX784752

Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. nymphaeae

CBS 131802^T

JN984864

KC555273

Xu et al. (2012)

Ca. octoramosa

CBS 111423^T

KX784674

KX784603

KX784746

KY653418

KY653265

KY653321

Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. orientalis

CBS 125260^T

GQ267236

GQ267448

GQ267356

GQ267285

GQ267651

GQ280773

Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. ovata

CBS 111299^T

GQ267212

GQ267400

GQ267318

GQ267253

KY653419

GQ280601

GQ280723

Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pacifica

CBS 109063^T

GQ267213

AY725762

AY725724

GQ267255

GQ280603

GQ280725

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. papillata

CBS 136097^T

KJ462964

KJ463079

KJ462849

KJ463195

KY653422

KY653267

KY653323

Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. paracolhounii

CBS 114679^T

KX784644

KX784582

KX784714

KY653423

KY653268

KY653324

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. paraensis

CBS 134669^T

KM395924

KM396011

KM395837

KM396094

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. parakyotensis

CBS 136085^T

KJ463081

KJ462851

KJ463197

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. parva

CBS 110798^T

KX784646

KX784583

KX784716

KY653425

KY653270

KY653326

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. parvispora

CBS 111465^T

DQ190607

KX784584

KX784717

Crous et al. (2006); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pauciramosa

CBS 138824^T

FJ918514

GQ267405

FJ918565

FJ918531

KY653426

GQ280608

GQ280730

Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. penicilloides

CBS 174.55^T

AF333414

GQ267406

GQ267322

GQ267257

KY653427

GQ280609

GQ280731

Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pentaseptata

CBS 133349^T

JX855942

JX855958

JX855946

JX855950

JX855954

Crous et al. (2012)

Ca. piauiensis

CBS 134850^T

KM395973

KM396060

KM395886

KM396143

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pini

CBS 123698^T

GQ267224

GQ267436

GQ267344

GQ267273

GQ280639

GQ280761

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. polizzii

CBS 123402^T

FJ972419

FJ972488

FJ972438

Lombard et al. (2010a,b)

Ca. plurilateralis

CBS 111401^T

KX784648

KX784586

KX784719

KY653430

KY653271

KY653327

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pluriramosa

CBS 136976^T

KJ462995

KJ463112

KJ462882

KJ463228

KY653431

KY653272

KY653328

Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. propaginicola

CBS 134815^T

KM395953

KM396040

KM395866

KM396123

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudobrassicae

CBS 134662^T

KM395936

KM396023

KM395849

KM396106

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudocerciana

CBS 134824^T

KM395962

KM396049

KM395875

KM396132

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudocolhounii

CBS 127195^T

HQ285788

HQ285816

HQ285802

Chen et al. (2011)

Ca. pseudoecuadoriae

CBS 111402^T

KX784652

KX784589

KX784723

KY653432

KY653273

KY653329

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pseudohodgesii

CBS 134818^T

KM395905

KM395991

KM395817

KM396079

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudokyotensis

CBS 137332^T

KJ462994

KJ463111

KJ462881

KJ463227

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudometrosideri

CBS 134845^T

KM395909

KM395995

KM395821

KM396083

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudomexicana

CBS 130354^T

JN607281

JN607496

JN607266

Lombard et al. (2011)

Ca. pseudouxmalensis

CBS 110924^T

KX784654

KX784726

KY653437

KY653276

KY653332

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pseudonaviculata

CBS 114417^T

GQ267214

GQ267409

GQ267325

GQ267258

KY653434

GQ280612

GQ280734

Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pseudopteridis

CBS 163.28^T

KM396076

KM395902

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudoreteaudii

CBS 123694^T

FJ918504

GQ267411

FJ918541

FJ918519

GQ280614

GQ280736

Lombard et al. (2010b,c)

Ca. pseudoscoparia

CBS 125257^T

GQ267229

GQ267441

GQ267349

GQ267278

GQ280644

GQ280766

Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. pseudospathiphylli

CBS 109165^T

FJ918513

GQ267412

FJ918562

AF348241

KY653435

GQ280615

GQ280737

Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. pseudospathulata

CBS 134841^T

KM395983

KM396070

KM395896

KM396153

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pseudovata

CBS 134675^T

KM395946

KM396033

KM395859

KM396116

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. pteridis

CBS 111793^T

DQ190578

GQ267413

FJ918563

DQ190679

KY653438

GQ280616

GQ280738

Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. putriramosa

CBS 111449^T

KX784656

KX784591

KX784728

KY653440

KY653277

KY653333

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. queenslandica

CBS 112146^T

AF389835

GQ267415

FJ918543

FJ918521

GQ280618

GQ280740

Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c)

Ca. quinqueramosa

CBS 134654^T

KM395942

KM396029

KM395855

KM396112

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. reteaudii

CBS 112144^T

AF389833

GQ267417

FJ918537

DQ190661

KY653443

GQ280620

GQ280742

Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. robigophila

CBS 134652^T

KM395937

KM396024

KM395850

KM396107

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. rumohrae

CBS 111431^T

AF232871

GQ267419

FJ918549

DQ190675

KY653445

GQ280622

GQ280744

Crous et al. (1999); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. seminaria

CBS 136632^T

KJ462998

KJ463115

KJ462885

KJ463231

KY653446

KY653279

KY653335

Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. silvicola

CBS 135237^T

KM395978

KM396065

KM395891

KM396148

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. spathulata

CBS 555.92^T

GQ267215

GQ267426

FJ918554

GQ267261

KY653449

GQ280630

GQ280752

Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. spathiphylli

CBS 114540

AF348214

GQ267424

GQ267330

AF348230

KY653447

GQ280627

GQ280749

Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. sphaeropendunculata

CBS 136081^T

KJ463003

KJ463120

KJ462890

KJ463236

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. stipitata

CBS 112513^T

KX784661

KX784596

KX784734

KY653450

KY653280

KY653336

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. sulawesiensis

CBS 125277^T

GQ267222

GQ267434

GQ267342

GQ267271

GQ280637

GQ280759

Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. sumatrensis

CBS 112829^T

AY725649

AY725771

AY725733

AY725696

GQ280654

GQ280776

Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. syzygiicola

CBS 112831^T

KX784663

KX784736

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. telluricola

CBS 134664^T

KM395930

KM396017

KM395843

KM396100

Alfenas et al. (2015)

Ca. tereticornis

CBS 111301^T

KX784664

KX784737

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. terrae-reginae

CBS 112151^T

FJ918506

GQ267451

FJ918545

FJ918522

GQ280656

GQ280778

Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c)

Ca. terrestris

CBS 136642^T

KJ463004

KJ463121

KJ462891

KJ463237

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. terricola

CBS 116247^T

KX784665

KX784738

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. tetraramosa

CBS 136635^T

KJ463011

KJ463128

KJ462898

KJ463244

KY653453

KY653282

KY653338

Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. trifurcata

CBS 112753^T

KX784667

KX784598

KX784740

KY653464

KY653292

KY653348

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. tropicalis

CBS 116271^T

KX784669

KX784599

KX784742

KY653455

KY653284

KY653340

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. turangicola

CBS 136077^T

KJ463013

KJ462900

KJ463246

KY653287

KY653343

Lombard et al. (2015)

Ca. tucuruiensis

CBS 114755^T

KX784670

KX784600

KX784743

KY653456

KY653285

KY653341

Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

CBS 116265

KX784680

KX784610

KX784753

KY653457

KY653286

KY653342

Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. tunisiana

CBS 130357^T

JN607276

JN607291

JN607261

Lombard et al. (2011)

Ca. uniseptata

CBS 413.67^T

GQ267208

GQ267379

GQ267307

GQ267248

GQ280573

GQ280695

Lombard et al. (2010b)

Ca. uxmalensis

CBS 110925^T

KX784638

KX784708

KY653461

KY653288

KY653350

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. variabilis

CBS 112691

GQ267240

GQ267458

GQ267335

GQ267264

KY653459

GQ280663

GQ280785

Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

Ca. venezuelana

CBS 111052^T

KX784671

KX784601

KX784744

Lombard et al. (2016)

Ca. vietnamensis

CBS 112152^T

KX784672

KX784602

KX784745

KY653463

KY653291

KY653347

Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017)

_{Ca. zuluensis}

_{CBS 125268}

_FJ972414

_GQ267459

_FJ972483

_FJ972433

_GQ280664

_GQ280786

_{Lombard et al. (2010a,b)}

¹CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; CPC: Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed at Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. ^T ex-type strains.

²tub2: partial β-tubulin gene; cmdA: partial calmodulin gene; tef1: partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene; his3: partial histone H3 gene; rpb2: RNA polymerase II second largest subunit; ITS: internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA; LSU: 28S large subunit RNA gene.

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Calonectria

De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(fasc. 3): 477. 1867.

Culture characteristics:

Distribution:

Hosts:

Disease symptoms:

Notes:

References:

Editor

Pedro W. Crous

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