Calonectria
De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(fasc. 3): 477. 1867.
- Synonyms: Cylindrocladium Morgan, Bot. Gaz. 17: 191. 1892.
- Candelospora Rea & Hawley, Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 13: 11. 1912.
- Classification: Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Hypocreales, Nectriaceae.
- Type species: Calonectria pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. Holotype: Italy, leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Daldini (as Ca. daldiniana); Lectotype: France, litter of Platanus, Autumn. Desm., Pl. Crypt. France Ed. 2 (2) # 372 (fide Rossman 1979); no culture or DNA data available.
- DNA barcodes (genus): LSU, ITS.
- DNA barcodes (species): cmdA, his3, tef1, tub2, and rpb2.
Ascomata perithecial, solitary or in groups, globose to subglobose to ovoid, yellow to orange to red or red-brown to brown, turning dark red to red-brown in KOH, rough-walled; ascomatal apex consisting of flattened, thick-walled hyphal elements with rounded tips forming a palisade, discontinuous with warty wall, gradually becoming thinner towards ostiolar canal, and merging with outer periphyses; ascomatal base consisting of dark brown-red, angular cells, merging with an erumpent stroma, cells of outer wall layer continuing into pseudoparenchymatous cells of erumpent stroma. Asci 8-spored, clavate, tapering to a long thin stalk. Ascospores aggregated in upper third of ascus, hyaline, smooth, fusoid with rounded ends, straight to sinuous, unconstricted, or constricted at septa. Megaconidiophores, if present, borne on agar surface or immersed in agar; stipe extensions mostly absent; conidiophores unbranched, terminating in 1–3 phialides, or sometimes with a single subterminal phialide; phialides straight to curved, cylindrical, seemingly producing a single conidium, periclinal thickening and an inconspicuous, divergent collarette rarely visible. Megaconidia hyaline, smooth, frequently remaining attached to phialide, multi-septate, widest in middle, bent or curved, with a truncated base and rounded apical cell. Macroconidiophores consist of a stipe, a penicillate arrangement of fertile branches, a stipe extension, and a terminal vesicle; stipe septate, hyaline or slightly pigmented at base, smooth or finely verruculose; stipe extensions septate, straight to flexuous, mostly thin-walled, terminating in a thin-walled vesicle of characteristic shape. Conidiogenous apparatus with 0–1-septate primary branches, up to eight additional branches, mostly aseptate, each terminal branch producing 1–6 phialides; phialides cylindrical to allantoid, straight to curved, or doliiform to reniform, hyaline, aseptate, apex with minute periclinal thickening and inconspicuous divergent collarette. Macroconidia cylindrical, rounded at both ends, straight or curved, widest at base, middle, or first basal septum, 1- to multi-septate, lacking visible abscission scars, held in parallel cylindrical clusters by colourless slime. Microconidiophores consist of a stipe and a penicillate or subverticillate arrangement of fertile branches; primary branches 0–1-septate, subcylindrical; secondary branches 0–1-septate, terminating in 1–4 phialides; phialides cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, apex with minute periclinal thickening and marginal frill. Microconidia cylindrical, straight to curved, rounded at apex, flattened at base, 1(–3)-septate, held in asymmetrical clusters by colourless slime.
Culture characteristics:
Colonies on MEA white to pale brick when young, becoming pale brick to dark sepia when mature, fluffy, cottony, effuse to convex with papillate surface, margin entire, undulate, lobate, or fimbriate, sometimes with abundant chlamydospores forming microsclerotia within medium.
Optimal media and cultivation conditions: CLA to induce sporulation of the asexual morph at 25 °C, while for the sexual morph sterile toothpicks placed on SNA is used at 20 °C.
Distribution:
Worldwide.
Hosts:
Soil-borne pathogens of forestry, agricultural and horticultural crops representing approximately 100 plant families and 340 plant host species (Crous 2002, Lombard et al. 2010c).
Disease symptoms:
Leaf spots, leaf and shoot blights, cutting rot, stem cankers, damping-off and root rot.
Notes:
The genus Calonectria presently includes 151 species of which only Ca. hederae and Ca. pyrochroa are not supported by ex-type cultures and supplementary DNA barcodes. Species delimitation based on morphology alone is complicated by the large number of cryptic taxa recognised in this genus (Lombard et al. 2016). The perithecia of several Calonectria spp. are morphologically similar. The cylindrocladium-like asexual morph, the life phase most commonly found in nature, is extensively used for taxon identification, although it is complicated by the morphological overlap of some cryptic species. For accurate species delimitation, phylogenetic inference of the cmdA, tef1 and tub2 (or combinations of these) is required.
References:
- Crous 2002 (morphology, pathogenicity and monograph); Lombard et al. 2010a–d, 2015, 2016 (morphology, phylogeny and key of Calonectria spp.); Alfenas et al. 2015 (morphology and phylogeny).
- Alfenas RF, Lombard L, Pereira OL, et al. (2015). Diversity and potential impact of Calonectria species in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Studies in Mycology 80: 89–130.
- Crous PW (2002). Taxonomy and pathology of Cylindrocladium (Calonectria) and allied genera. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
- Lombard L, Chen SF, Mou X, et al. (2015). New species, hyper-diversity and potential importance of Calonectria spp. from Eucalyptus in South China. Studies in Mycology 80: 151–188.
- Lombard L, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, et al. (2010a). Phylogeny and systematics of the genus Calonectria. Studies in Mycology 66: 31–69.
- Lombard L, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, et al. (2010b). Species concepts in Calonectria (Cylindrocladium). Studies in Mycology 66: 1–14.
- Lombard L, Crous PW, Wingfield BD, et al. (2010c). Multigene phylogeny and mating tests reveal three cryptic species related to Calonectria pauciramosa. Studies in Mycology 66: 15–30.
- Lombard L, Wingfield MJ, Alfenas AC, et al. (2016). The forgotten Calonectria collection: Pouring old wine into new bags. Studies in Mycology 85: 159–198.
- Lombard L, Zhou XD, Crous PW, et al. (2010d). Calonectria species associated with cutting rot of Eucalyptus. Persoonia 24: 1–11.
- Rossman AY (1979). Calonectria and its type species, C. daldiniana, a later synonym of C. pyrochroa. Mycotaxon 8: 321–328.
Table 1. DNA barcodes of accepted Calonectria spp. |
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Species |
Isolates1 |
GenBank accession numbers2 |
References |
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tub2 |
cmdA |
tef1 |
his3 |
rpb2 |
ITS |
LSU |
|
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Ca. acicola |
CBS 114812T |
DQ190590 |
GQ267359 |
GQ267291 |
DQ190693 |
KY653352 |
GQ280547 |
GQ280669 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
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Ca. aconidialis |
CBS 136086T |
- |
KJ463017 |
KJ462785 |
KJ463133 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
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Ca. amazonica |
CBS 116250T |
KX784612 |
KX784555 |
KX784682 |
- |
KY653355 |
KY653241 |
KY653297 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
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Ca. amazoniensis |
CBS 115440T |
KX784615 |
KX784558 |
KX784685 |
- |
KY653358 |
KY653244 |
KY653300 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
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Ca. angustata |
CBS 109065T |
AF207543 |
GQ267361 |
FJ918551 |
DQ190696 |
KY653359 |
GQ280548 |
GQ280671 |
Crous & Kang (2001), Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. arbusta |
CBS 136079T |
KJ462904 |
KJ463018 |
KJ462787 |
KJ463135 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
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Ca. asiatica |
CBS 114073T |
AY725616 |
AY725741 |
AY725705 |
AY725658 |
- |
GQ280550 |
GQ280672 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. australiensis |
CBS 112954T |
DQ190596 |
GQ267363 |
GQ267293 |
DQ190699 |
KY653361 |
GQ280552 |
GQ280674 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. blephiliae |
CBS 136425T |
KF777246 |
- |
KF777243 |
- |
- |
KF777141 |
KF777197 |
Crous et al. (2013) |
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Ca. brachiatica |
CBS 123700T |
FJ696388 |
GQ267366 |
GQ267296 |
FJ696396 |
- |
GQ280555 |
GQ280677 |
Lombard et al. (2009, 2010b) |
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Ca. brasiliana |
CBS 111484T |
KX784616 |
KX784559 |
KX784686 |
- |
KY653362 |
KY653245 |
KY653301 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. brasiliensis |
CBS 230.51T |
GQ267241 |
GQ267421 |
GQ267328 |
GQ267259 |
KY653364 |
GQ280624 |
GQ280746 |
Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. brassiana |
CBS 134855T |
KM395969 |
KM396056 |
KM395882 |
KM396139 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
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Ca. brassicae |
CBS 111869T |
AF232857 |
GQ267382 |
FJ918567 |
DQ190720 |
KM232308 |
GQ280576 |
GQ280698 |
Crous et al. (1999, 2006); Lombard et al. (2009, 2010b) |
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Ca. brassicicola |
CBS 112841T |
KX784619 |
KX784561 |
KX784689 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
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Ca. brevistipitata |
CBS 115671T |
KX784623 |
KX784565 |
KX784693 |
- |
KY653368 |
KY653248 |
KY653304 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. canadania |
CBS 110817T |
AF348212 |
AY725743 |
GQ267297 |
AF348228 |
KY653369 |
GQ280556 |
GQ280678 |
Kang et al. (2001); Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. candelabrum |
CPC 1675 |
FJ972426 |
GQ267367 |
FJ972525 |
FJ972476 |
- |
GQ280557 |
GQ280679 |
Lombard et al. (2010a,b) |
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Ca. cerciana |
CBS 123693T |
FJ918510 |
GQ267369 |
FJ918559 |
FJ918528 |
- |
GQ280559 |
GQ280681 |
Lombard et al. (2009, 2010b) |
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Ca. chinensis |
CBS 114827T |
AY725619 |
AY725747 |
AY725710 |
AY725661 |
KY653371 |
GQ280561 |
GQ280683 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. clavata |
CBS 114557T |
AF333396 |
GQ267377 |
GQ267305 |
DQ190623 |
KY653372 |
GQ280571 |
GQ280693 |
Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. cliffordicola |
CBS 111812T |
KX784624 |
KX784566 |
KX784694 |
- |
KY653374 |
KY653249 |
KY653305 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. colhounii |
CBS 293.79T |
DQ190564 |
GQ267373 |
GQ267301 |
DQ190639 |
KY653376 |
GQ280565 |
GQ280687 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. colombiana |
CBS 115127T |
FJ972423 |
GQ267455 |
FJ972492 |
FJ972442 |
- |
GQ280660 |
GQ280782 |
Lombard et al. (2010a,b) |
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Ca. colombiensis |
CBS 112220T |
GQ267207 |
AY725748 |
AY725711 |
AY725662 |
- |
GQ280566 |
GQ280688 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. crousiana |
CBS 127198T |
HQ285794 |
- |
HQ285822 |
HQ285808 |
- |
- |
- |
Chen et al. (2011) |
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Ca. cylindrospora |
CBS 110666 |
FJ918509 |
GQ267423 |
FJ918557 |
FJ918527 |
KY653378 |
GQ280626 |
GQ280748 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. densa |
CBS 125261T |
GQ267232 |
GQ267444 |
GQ267352 |
GQ267281 |
- |
GQ280647 |
GQ280769 |
Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. duoramosa |
CBS 134656T |
KM395940 |
KM396027 |
KM395853 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
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Ca. ecuadoriae |
CBS 111406T |
DQ190600 |
GQ267375 |
GQ267303 |
DQ190705 |
KY653381 |
GQ280569 |
GQ280691 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. ecuadorensis |
CBS 111706T |
KX784674 |
KX784604 |
KX784747 |
- |
KY653382 |
KY653252 |
KY653308 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. ericae |
CBS 114458T |
KX784629 |
KX784571 |
KX784699 |
- |
KY653385 |
KY653255 |
KY653311 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. eucalypti |
CBS 125275T |
GQ267218 |
GQ267430 |
GQ267338 |
GQ267267 |
- |
GQ280633 |
GQ280755 |
Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. eucalypticola |
CBS 134847T |
KM395964 |
KM396051 |
KM395877 |
KM396134 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
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Ca. expansa |
CBS 136247T |
KJ462914 |
KJ463029 |
KJ462798 |
KJ463146 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
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Ca. floridana |
CBS 114692T |
KX784651 |
KX784588 |
KX784722 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
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Ca. foliicola |
CBS 136641T |
KJ462916 |
KJ463031 |
KJ462800 |
KJ463148 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
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Ca. fujianensis |
CBS 127201T |
HQ285792 |
- |
HQ285820 |
HQ285806 |
- |
- |
- |
Chen et al. (2011) |
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Ca. glaeboicola |
CBS 134852T |
KM395966 |
KM396053 |
KM395879 |
KM396136 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
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Ca. gordoniae |
CBS 112142T |
AF449449 |
GQ267381 |
GQ267309 |
DQ190708 |
KY653386 |
GQ280575 |
GQ280697 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. gracilipes |
CBS 111141T |
DQ190566 |
GQ267385 |
GQ267311 |
DQ190644 |
KY653387 |
GQ280579 |
GQ280701 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. gracilis |
CBS 111807T |
AF232858 |
GQ267407 |
GQ267323 |
DQ190646 |
KY653390 |
GQ280610 |
GQ280734 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. guangxiensis |
CBS 136092T |
KJ462919 |
KJ463034 |
KJ462803 |
KJ463151 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
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Ca. hainanensis |
CBS 136248T |
- |
KJ463036 |
KJ462805 |
KJ463152 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
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Ca. hawksworthii |
CBS 111870T |
AF333407 |
GQ267386 |
FJ918558 |
DQ190649 |
KY653391 |
GQ280580 |
GQ280702 |
Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. henricotiae |
CBS 138102T |
JX535308 |
KF815157 |
- |
KF815185 |
- |
JX535322 |
- |
Gehesquiere et al. (2016) |
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Ca. hodgesii |
CBS 133609T |
KC491228 |
KC491222 |
KC491225 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
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Ca. hongkongensis |
CBS 114828T |
AY725622 |
AY725755 |
AY725717 |
AY725667 |
- |
GQ280581 |
GQ280703 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. humicola |
CBS 125251T |
GQ267233 |
GQ267445 |
GQ267353 |
GQ267282 |
- |
GQ280648 |
GQ280770 |
Lombard et al. (2010c) |
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Ca. hurae |
CBS 114551 |
AF333408 |
GQ267387 |
FJ918548 |
DQ190728 |
- |
GQ280583 |
GQ280705 |
Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c) |
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Ca. ilicicola |
CBS 190.50T |
AY725631 |
AY725764 |
AY725726 |
AY725676 |
KM232307 |
GQ280605 |
GQ280727 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. indonesiae |
CBS 112823T |
AY725623 |
AY725756 |
AY725718 |
AY725668 |
KY653394 |
GQ280585 |
GQ280707 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. indonesiana |
CBS 112936T |
KX784631 |
KX784573 |
KX784701 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
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Ca. indusiata |
CBS 144.36T |
GQ267239 |
GQ267453 |
GQ267332 |
GQ267262 |
KY653396 |
GQ280658 |
GQ280780 |
Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. insularis |
CBS 114558T |
AF210861 |
GQ267389 |
FJ918556 |
FJ918526 |
KY653398 |
GQ280587 |
GQ280709 |
Schoch et al. (1999); Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. kyotensis |
CBS 114525T |
AF348215 |
AY725750 |
AY725713 |
- |
- |
AF261741 |
- |
Crous et al. (2004) |
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Ca. lageniformis |
CBS 111324T |
KX784632 |
KX784574 |
KX784702 |
- |
KY653400 |
KY653256 |
KY653312 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. lateralis |
CBS 136629T |
KJ462955 |
KJ463070 |
KJ462840 |
KJ463186 |
KY653402 |
KY653258 |
KY653314 |
Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. lauri |
CBS 749.70T |
GQ267210 |
GQ267388 |
GQ267312 |
GQ267250 |
KY653403 |
GQ280584 |
GQ280706 |
Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. leguminum |
CBS 728.68T |
AF389837 |
GQ267391 |
FJ918547 |
DQ190654 |
- |
GQ280589 |
GQ280711 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010c) |
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Ca. leucothoes |
CBS 109166T |
FJ918508 |
GQ267392 |
FJ918553 |
FJ918523 |
KY653404 |
GQ280590 |
GQ280712 |
Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. longiramosa |
CBS 116319T |
KX784635 |
KX784577 |
KX784705 |
- |
KY653406 |
KY653260 |
KY653316 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. machaerinae |
CBS 123183T |
KX784636 |
- |
KX784706 |
- |
KY653407 |
KY653261 |
KY653317 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. madagascariensis |
CBS 114572T |
DQ190572 |
GQ267394 |
GQ267314 |
DQ190658 |
KY653409 |
GQ280592 |
GQ280714 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. macroconidialis |
CBS 114880T |
AF232855 |
GQ267393 |
GQ267313 |
DQ190655 |
KY653410 |
GQ280591 |
GQ280713 |
Crous et al. (1999, 2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Ca. magnispora |
CBS 136249T |
KJ462956 |
KJ463071 |
KJ462841 |
KJ463187 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
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Ca. malesiana |
CBS 112752T |
AY725627 |
AY725760 |
AY725722 |
AY725672 |
- |
GQ280594 |
GQ280716 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
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Ca. maranhensis |
CBS 134811T |
KM395948 |
KM396035 |
KM395861 |
KM396118 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
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Ca. metrosideri |
CBS 133603T |
KC294313 |
KC294304 |
KC294310 |
KC294308 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2013) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. mexicana |
CBS 110918T |
AF210863 |
GQ267396 |
FJ972526 |
FJ972460 |
KY653412 |
GQ280596 |
GQ280718 |
Schoch et al. (1999); Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. microconidialis |
CBS 136638T |
KJ462960 |
KJ463075 |
KJ462845 |
KJ463191 |
KY653411 |
KY653262 |
KY653318 |
Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. monticola |
CBS 140645T |
KT964769 |
KT964771 |
KT964773 |
- |
- |
KT964775 |
KT983443 |
Crous et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. mossambicensis |
CBS 137243T |
- |
JX570722 |
JX570718 |
JX570726 |
- |
JX570730 |
- |
Crous et al. (2013) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. multilateralis |
CBS 110932T |
KX784642 |
KX784580 |
KX784712 |
- |
KY653413 |
KY653263 |
KY653319 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. multinaviculata |
CBS 134858T |
KM395985 |
KM396072 |
KM395898 |
KM396155 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. multiphialidica |
CBS 112678T |
AY725628 |
AY725761 |
AY725723 |
AY725673 |
KY653415 |
GQ280597 |
GQ280719 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. multiseptata |
CBS 112682T |
DQ190573 |
GQ267397 |
FJ918535 |
DQ190659 |
KY653416 |
GQ280598 |
GQ280720 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. naviculata |
CBS 101121T |
GQ267211 |
GQ267399 |
GQ267317 |
GQ267252 |
KM232309 |
GQ280600 |
GQ280722 |
Lombard et al. (2010b, 2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. nemicola |
CBS 134837T |
KM395979 |
KM396066 |
KM395892 |
KM396149 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. nemoralis |
CBS 116249T |
KX784679 |
KX784609 |
KX784752 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. nymphaeae |
CBS 131802T |
JN984864 |
- |
KC555273 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Xu et al. (2012) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. octoramosa |
CBS 111423T |
KX784674 |
KX784603 |
KX784746 |
- |
KY653418 |
KY653265 |
KY653321 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. orientalis |
CBS 125260T |
GQ267236 |
GQ267448 |
GQ267356 |
GQ267285 |
- |
GQ267651 |
GQ280773 |
Lombard et al. (2010b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. ovata |
CBS 111299T |
GQ267212 |
GQ267400 |
GQ267318 |
GQ267253 |
KY653419 |
GQ280601 |
GQ280723 |
Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pacifica |
CBS 109063T |
GQ267213 |
AY725762 |
AY725724 |
GQ267255 |
- |
GQ280603 |
GQ280725 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. papillata |
CBS 136097T |
KJ462964 |
KJ463079 |
KJ462849 |
KJ463195 |
KY653422 |
KY653267 |
KY653323 |
Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. paracolhounii |
CBS 114679T |
KX784644 |
KX784582 |
KX784714 |
- |
KY653423 |
KY653268 |
KY653324 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. paraensis |
CBS 134669T |
KM395924 |
KM396011 |
KM395837 |
KM396094 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. parakyotensis |
CBS 136085T |
- |
KJ463081 |
KJ462851 |
KJ463197 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. parva |
CBS 110798T |
KX784646 |
KX784583 |
KX784716 |
- |
KY653425 |
KY653270 |
KY653326 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. parvispora |
CBS 111465T |
DQ190607 |
KX784584 |
KX784717 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Crous et al. (2006); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pauciramosa |
CBS 138824T |
FJ918514 |
GQ267405 |
FJ918565 |
FJ918531 |
KY653426 |
GQ280608 |
GQ280730 |
Lombard et al. (2010a,b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. penicilloides |
CBS 174.55T |
AF333414 |
GQ267406 |
GQ267322 |
GQ267257 |
KY653427 |
GQ280609 |
GQ280731 |
Schoch et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pentaseptata |
CBS 133349T |
JX855942 |
- |
JX855958 |
JX855946 |
- |
JX855950 |
JX855954 |
Crous et al. (2012) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. piauiensis |
CBS 134850T |
KM395973 |
KM396060 |
KM395886 |
KM396143 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pini |
CBS 123698T |
GQ267224 |
GQ267436 |
GQ267344 |
GQ267273 |
- |
GQ280639 |
GQ280761 |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. polizzii |
CBS 123402T |
FJ972419 |
- |
FJ972488 |
FJ972438 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2010a,b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. plurilateralis |
CBS 111401T |
KX784648 |
KX784586 |
KX784719 |
- |
KY653430 |
KY653271 |
KY653327 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pluriramosa |
CBS 136976T |
KJ462995 |
KJ463112 |
KJ462882 |
KJ463228 |
KY653431 |
KY653272 |
KY653328 |
Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. propaginicola |
CBS 134815T |
KM395953 |
KM396040 |
KM395866 |
KM396123 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudobrassicae |
CBS 134662T |
KM395936 |
KM396023 |
KM395849 |
KM396106 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudocerciana |
CBS 134824T |
KM395962 |
KM396049 |
KM395875 |
KM396132 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudocolhounii |
CBS 127195T |
HQ285788 |
- |
HQ285816 |
HQ285802 |
- |
- |
- |
Chen et al. (2011) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudoecuadoriae |
CBS 111402T |
KX784652 |
KX784589 |
KX784723 |
- |
KY653432 |
KY653273 |
KY653329 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudohodgesii |
CBS 134818T |
KM395905 |
KM395991 |
KM395817 |
KM396079 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudokyotensis |
CBS 137332T |
KJ462994 |
KJ463111 |
KJ462881 |
KJ463227 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudometrosideri |
CBS 134845T |
KM395909 |
KM395995 |
KM395821 |
KM396083 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudomexicana |
CBS 130354T |
JN607281 |
- |
JN607496 |
JN607266 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2011) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudouxmalensis |
CBS 110924T |
KX784654 |
- |
KX784726 |
- |
KY653437 |
KY653276 |
KY653332 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudonaviculata |
CBS 114417T |
GQ267214 |
GQ267409 |
GQ267325 |
GQ267258 |
KY653434 |
GQ280612 |
GQ280734 |
Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudopteridis |
CBS 163.28T |
- |
KM396076 |
KM395902 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudoreteaudii |
CBS 123694T |
FJ918504 |
GQ267411 |
FJ918541 |
FJ918519 |
- |
GQ280614 |
GQ280736 |
Lombard et al. (2010b,c) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudoscoparia |
CBS 125257T |
GQ267229 |
GQ267441 |
GQ267349 |
GQ267278 |
- |
GQ280644 |
GQ280766 |
Lombard et al. (2010b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudospathiphylli |
CBS 109165T |
FJ918513 |
GQ267412 |
FJ918562 |
AF348241 |
KY653435 |
GQ280615 |
GQ280737 |
Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudospathulata |
CBS 134841T |
KM395983 |
KM396070 |
KM395896 |
KM396153 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pseudovata |
CBS 134675T |
KM395946 |
KM396033 |
KM395859 |
KM396116 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. pteridis |
CBS 111793T |
DQ190578 |
GQ267413 |
FJ918563 |
DQ190679 |
KY653438 |
GQ280616 |
GQ280738 |
Crous et al. (2006); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. putriramosa |
CBS 111449T |
KX784656 |
KX784591 |
KX784728 |
- |
KY653440 |
KY653277 |
KY653333 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. queenslandica |
CBS 112146T |
AF389835 |
GQ267415 |
FJ918543 |
FJ918521 |
- |
GQ280618 |
GQ280740 |
Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. quinqueramosa |
CBS 134654T |
KM395942 |
KM396029 |
KM395855 |
KM396112 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. reteaudii |
CBS 112144T |
AF389833 |
GQ267417 |
FJ918537 |
DQ190661 |
KY653443 |
GQ280620 |
GQ280742 |
Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. robigophila |
CBS 134652T |
KM395937 |
KM396024 |
KM395850 |
KM396107 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. rumohrae |
CBS 111431T |
AF232871 |
GQ267419 |
FJ918549 |
DQ190675 |
KY653445 |
GQ280622 |
GQ280744 |
Crous et al. (1999); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. seminaria |
CBS 136632T |
KJ462998 |
KJ463115 |
KJ462885 |
KJ463231 |
KY653446 |
KY653279 |
KY653335 |
Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. silvicola |
CBS 135237T |
KM395978 |
KM396065 |
KM395891 |
KM396148 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. spathulata |
CBS 555.92T |
GQ267215 |
GQ267426 |
FJ918554 |
GQ267261 |
KY653449 |
GQ280630 |
GQ280752 |
Lombard et al. (2010b,c); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. spathiphylli |
CBS 114540 |
AF348214 |
GQ267424 |
GQ267330 |
AF348230 |
KY653447 |
GQ280627 |
GQ280749 |
Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. sphaeropendunculata |
CBS 136081T |
KJ463003 |
KJ463120 |
KJ462890 |
KJ463236 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. stipitata |
CBS 112513T |
KX784661 |
KX784596 |
KX784734 |
- |
KY653450 |
KY653280 |
KY653336 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. sulawesiensis |
CBS 125277T |
GQ267222 |
GQ267434 |
GQ267342 |
GQ267271 |
- |
GQ280637 |
GQ280759 |
Lombard et al. (2010b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. sumatrensis |
CBS 112829T |
AY725649 |
AY725771 |
AY725733 |
AY725696 |
- |
GQ280654 |
GQ280776 |
Crous et al. (2004); Lombard et al. (2010b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. syzygiicola |
CBS 112831T |
KX784663 |
- |
KX784736 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. telluricola |
CBS 134664T |
KM395930 |
KM396017 |
KM395843 |
KM396100 |
- |
- |
- |
Alfenas et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. tereticornis |
CBS 111301T |
KX784664 |
- |
KX784737 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. terrae-reginae |
CBS 112151T |
FJ918506 |
GQ267451 |
FJ918545 |
FJ918522 |
- |
GQ280656 |
GQ280778 |
Kang et al. (2001); Lombard et al. (2010b,c) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. terrestris |
CBS 136642T |
KJ463004 |
KJ463121 |
KJ462891 |
KJ463237 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. terricola |
CBS 116247T |
KX784665 |
- |
KX784738 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. tetraramosa |
CBS 136635T |
KJ463011 |
KJ463128 |
KJ462898 |
KJ463244 |
KY653453 |
KY653282 |
KY653338 |
Lombard et al. (2015); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. trifurcata |
CBS 112753T |
KX784667 |
KX784598 |
KX784740 |
- |
KY653464 |
KY653292 |
KY653348 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. tropicalis |
CBS 116271T |
KX784669 |
KX784599 |
KX784742 |
- |
KY653455 |
KY653284 |
KY653340 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. turangicola |
CBS 136077T |
KJ463013 |
- |
KJ462900 |
KJ463246 |
- |
KY653287 |
KY653343 |
Lombard et al. (2015) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. tucuruiensis |
CBS 114755T |
KX784670 |
KX784600 |
KX784743 |
- |
KY653456 |
KY653285 |
KY653341 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
CBS 116265 |
KX784680 |
KX784610 |
KX784753 |
- |
KY653457 |
KY653286 |
KY653342 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
||||||||||
Ca. tunisiana |
CBS 130357T |
JN607276 |
- |
JN607291 |
JN607261 |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2011) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. uniseptata |
CBS 413.67T |
GQ267208 |
GQ267379 |
GQ267307 |
GQ267248 |
- |
GQ280573 |
GQ280695 |
Lombard et al. (2010b) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. uxmalensis |
CBS 110925T |
KX784638 |
- |
KX784708 |
- |
KY653461 |
KY653288 |
KY653350 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. variabilis |
CBS 112691 |
GQ267240 |
GQ267458 |
GQ267335 |
GQ267264 |
KY653459 |
GQ280663 |
GQ280785 |
Lombard et al. (2010b); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. venezuelana |
CBS 111052T |
KX784671 |
KX784601 |
KX784744 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lombard et al. (2016) |
|
|||||||||
Ca. vietnamensis |
CBS 112152T |
KX784672 |
KX784602 |
KX784745 |
KY653463 |
KY653291 |
KY653347 |
Lombard et al. (2016); Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
|
||||||||||
Ca. zuluensis |
CBS 125268 |
FJ972414 |
GQ267459 |
FJ972483 |
FJ972433 |
- |
GQ280664 |
GQ280786 |
Lombard et al. (2010a,b) |
|
|||||||||
1CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; CPC: Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed at Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. T ex-type strains.
2tub2: partial β-tubulin gene; cmdA: partial calmodulin gene; tef1: partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene; his3: partial histone H3 gene; rpb2: RNA polymerase II second largest subunit; ITS: internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA; LSU: 28S large subunit RNA gene.
- Alfenas RF, Lombard L, Pereira OL, et al. (2015). Diversity and potential impact of Calonectria species in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Studies in Mycology 80: 89–130.
- Alfenas RF, Pereira OL, Ferreira MA, et al. (2013). Calonectria metrosideri, a highly aggressive pathogen causing leaf blight, root rot, and wilt of Metrosideros spp. in Brazil. Forest Pathology 43: 257–265.
- Chen SF, Lombard L, Roux J, et al. (2011). Novel species of Calonectria associated with Eucalyptus leaf blight in Southeast China. Persoonia 26: 1–12.
- Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Risède J-M, et al. (2004). Calonectria species and their Cylindrocladium anamorphs: species with sphaeropedunculate vesicles. Studies in Mycology 50: 415–430.
- Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Risède J-M, et al. (2006). Calonectria species and their Cylindrocladium anamorphs: species with clavate vesicles. Studies in Mycology 55: 213–226.
- Crous PW, Kang J-C (2001). Phylogenetic confirmation of Calonectria spathulata and Cylindrocladium leucothoes based on morphology, β-tubulin and ITS rDNA sequence data. Mycoscience 42: 51–57.
- Crous PW, Kang J-C, Schoch CL, et al. (1999). Phylogenetic relationships of Cylindrocladium pseudogracile and Cylindrocladium rumohrae with morphologically similar taxa, based on morphology and DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacers and β-tubulin. Canadian Journal of Botany 77: 1813–1820.
- Crous PW, Shivas RG, Wingfield MJ, et al. (2012). Fungal Planet description sheets: 128–153. Persoonia 29: 146–201.
- Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Guarro J, et al. (2013). Fungal Planet description sheets: 154–213. Persoonia 31: 188–296.
- Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, le Roux JJ, et al. (2015). Fungal Planet description sheets: 371–399. Persoonia 35: 264–327.
- Gehesquière B, Crouch JA, Marra RE, et al. (2016) Characterization and taxonomic reassessment of the box blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata, introducing Calonectria henricotiae sp. nov. Plant Pathology 65: 37−52.
- Kang J-C, Crous PW, Schoch CL (2001). Species concepts in the Cylindrocladium floridanum and Cy. spathiphylli complexes (Hypocreaceae) based on multi-allelic sequence data, sexual compatibility and morphology. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 24: 206–217.
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