Boeremia
Aveskamp et al., Stud. Mycol. 65: 36. 2010.
- Classification: Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, Didymellaceae.
- Type species: Boeremia exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp et al. Representative strain: CBS 431.74.
- DNA barcodes (genus): LSU, ITS.
- DNA barcodes (species): act, cal, rpb2, tef1, tub2.
Ascomata pseudothecial, subglobose. Asci cylindrical or subclavate, 8-spored, biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate. Conidiomata pycnidial, variable in shape and size, mostly globose to subglobose, superficial or immersed into agar, solitary or confluent; ostiole non-papillate or papillate, lined internally with hyaline cells when mature; conidiomatal wall pseudoparenchymatous, multi-layered, outer wall brown pigmented. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform. Conidia variable in shape, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, mainly aseptate, but 1(–2)-septate larger conidia may be found (adapted from Aveskamp et al. 2010).
Culture characteristics:
Colonies on OA white to dull green, grey olivaceous to olivaceous or smoke-grey, velvety, floccose to woolly, margin often regular, sometimes lobate and irregular scalloped.
Optimal media and cultivation conditions: OA or PNA at 25 °C under near-ultraviolet light (12 h light, 12 h dark) to promote sporulation.
Distribution:
Worldwide.
Hosts:
Seed-borne pathogens of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) and noxious pathogens of Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae). Species on more than 200 host genera including Amaryllidaceae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Linaceae, Oleaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Umbelliferae.
Disease symptoms:
Leaf spots, stem lesions, black node, bulb rot, root rot, shoot dieback.
Notes:
The genus Boeremia was established by Aveskamp et al. (2010) to accommodate phoma-like species that are morphologically similar and phylogenetically closely related to Ph. exigua. Taxa in this genus are characterised by ostioles with a hyaline inner layer of cells, with species producing aseptate and septate conidia (Aveskamp et al. 2010). Only Bo. lycopersici has thus far been recorded to have a sexual morph. Recently, Chen et al. (2015a) and Berner et al. (2015) verified the phylogenetic relationship of taxa in Boeremia performing two different combined multilocus analyses, the first one based on LSU, ITS, tub2 and rpb2 sequences, and the second on ITS, act, cal, tef1 and tub2 sequences.
References:
- Boerema et al. 2004 (morphology and pathogenicity); Aveskamp et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2015 (morphology and phylogeny); Berner et al. 2015 (morphology, pathogenicity and phylogeny).
- Aveskamp MM, de Gruyter J, Woudenberg JHC, et al. (2010). Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera. Studies in Mycology 65: 1–60.
- Berner D, Cavin C, Woudenberg JHC, et al. (2015). Assessment of Boeremia exigua var. rhapontica, as a biological control agent of Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens). Biological Control 81: 65–75.
- Boerema GH, de Gruyter J, Noordeloos ME, et al. (2004). Phoma identification manual. Differentiation of specific and infra-specific taxa in culture. CABI publishing, Wallingford, UK.
- Chen Q, Jiang JR, Zhang GZ, et al. (2015a). Resolving the Phoma enigma. Studies in Mycology 82: 137–217.
Table 2. DNA barcodes of accepted Boeremia spp.
Species |
Isolates1 |
GenBank accession numbers2 |
References |
|||||
|
|
ITS |
act |
cal |
rpb2 |
tef1 |
tub2 |
|
Bo. crinicola |
CBS 109.79 |
GU237737 |
KY484558 |
KY484571 |
KT389563 |
- |
GU237489 |
Aveskamp et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. diversispora |
CBS 102.80 |
GU237725 |
EU880861 |
KY484575 |
KT389565 |
KY484676 |
GU237492 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. coffeae |
CBS 109183 |
GU237748 |
KY484560 |
KY484576 |
KT389566 |
KY484678 |
GU237505 |
Aveskamp et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. exigua |
CBS 431.74 |
FJ427001 |
EU880854 |
KY484584 |
KT389569 |
KY484687 |
FJ427112 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009a,b), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. forsythiae |
CBS 101213 |
GU237723 |
EU880868 |
KY484589 |
KT389571 |
KY484692 |
GU237494 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. gilvescens |
CBS 101150 |
GU237715 |
KY484562 |
KY484591 |
KT389568 |
KY484694 |
GU237495 |
Aveskamp et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. heteromorpha |
CBS 443.94NT |
GU237866 |
EU880869 |
KY484598 |
KT389573 |
KY484700 |
GU237497 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. linicola |
CBS 116.76 |
GU237754 |
EU880880 |
KY484604 |
KT389574 |
KY484705 |
GU237500 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015). Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. populi |
CBS 100167T |
GU237707 |
EU880885 |
KY484605 |
- |
KY484706 |
GU237501 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. pseudolilacis |
CBS 101207T |
GU237721 |
EU880874 |
KY484609 |
- |
KY484710 |
GU237503 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. rhapontica |
CBS 113651T |
KY484662 |
KY484566 |
KY484612 |
- |
KY484713 |
KY484760 |
Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. exigua var. viburni |
CBS 100354 |
GU237711 |
EU880889 |
KY484613 |
KT389577 |
- |
GU237506 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. foveata |
CBS 109176 |
GU237742 |
EU880892 |
KY484614 |
KT389578 |
KY484714 |
GU237508 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. hedericola |
CBS 367.91 |
GU237842 |
KY484568 |
KY484618 |
KT389579 |
KY484718 |
GU237511 |
Aveskamp et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2015a), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. lilacis |
CBS 569.79 |
GU237892 |
EU880875 |
KY484619 |
- |
KY484721 |
GU237498 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. lycopersici |
CBS 378.67 |
GU237848 |
EU880898 |
KY484623 |
KT389580 |
KY484726 |
GU237512 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. noackiana |
CBS 100353 |
GU237710 |
EU880881 |
KY484624 |
- |
KY484727 |
GU237514 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. sambuci-nigrae |
CBS 629.68T |
GU237897 |
KY484570 |
KY484630 |
- |
KY484734 |
GU237517 |
Aveskamp et al. (2010), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. strasseri |
CBS 126.93 |
GU237773 |
EU880904 |
KY484631 |
KT389584 |
KY484735 |
GU237518 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. telephii |
CBS 109175 |
GU237741 |
EU880906 |
KY484633 |
KT389585 |
KY484737 |
GU237520 |
Aveskamp et al. (2009b, 2010), Chen et al. (2015), Berner et al. (2015) |
Bo. trachelospermi |
CGMCC 3.18222T |
KY064028 |
- |
- |
KY064033 |
- |
KY064051 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
1CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; CGMCC: Chinese General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Beijing, China. T and NT indicate ex-type and ex-neotype strains, respectively.
2ITS: internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA; act: partial actin gene; cal: partial calmodulin gene; rpb2: partial RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene; tef1: partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene; tub2: partial β-tubulin gene.
- Aveskamp MM, de Gruyter J, Woudenberg JHC, et al. (2010). Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera. Studies in Mycology 65: 1–60.
- Aveskamp MM, Verkley GJ, de Gruyter J, et al. (2009a). DNA phylogeny reveals polyphyly of Phoma section Peyronellaea and multiple taxonomic novelties. Mycologia 101: 363–382.
- Aveskamp MM, Woudenberg JH, de Gruyter J, et al. (2009b). Development of taxon-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers based on actin sequences and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF): a case study in the Phoma exigua species complex. Molecular Plant Pathology 10: 403–414.
- Berner D, Cavin C, Woudenberg JHC, et al. (2015). Assessment of Boeremia exigua var. rhapontica, as a biological control agent of Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens). Biological Control 81: 65–75.
- Chen Q, Jiang JR, Zhang GZ, et al. (2015a). Resolving the Phoma enigma. Studies in Mycology 82: 137–217.
- Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald JZ, Cai, L, et al. (2017). Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Studies in Mycology xxxx.