Diaporthe

Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240. 1870. Fig. 7, Fig. 8.

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Fig. 7. Disease symptoms associated with Diaporthe spp. A, B. Helianthus annuus plants affected by Diaporthe gulyae (courtesy Susan Thompson). C, D. Branch canker of Persea americana with associated Diaporthe foeniculina and Diaporthe sterilis. E, F. Phomopsis cane (courtesy Alessandro Vitale) and cane bleaching on shoot of Vitis vinifera caused by Diaporthe spp. (courtesy José Luis Ramos Sáez de Ojer). G, H. Decay of Vaccinium corymbosum caused by Diaporthe baccae and Diaporthe sterilis and artificial infection caused by inoculation of Diaporthe sterilis. I. Trunk canker with gummosis of Citrus limon caused by Diaporthe limonicola and Diaporthe melitensis. Pictures C, D taken from Guarnaccia et al. (2016); I from Guarnaccia & Crous (2017).

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Fig. 8. Diaporthe spp. A–D. Sexual morph. A, B. Ascomata. A. Diaporthe ambigua (ex-type CBS 114015). B. Diaporthe aspalathi (ex-type CBS 117169). C, D. Asci with ascospores. C. Diaporthe ambigua (ex-type CBS 114015). D. Diaporthe aspalathi (ex-type CBS 117169). E–M. Asexual morph. E, F. Conidiomata sporulating. E. Diaporthe limonicola (ex-type CBS 142549). F. Diaporthe pseudomangiferae (ex-type CBS 101339). G–I. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. G. Diaporthe raonikayaporum (ex-type CBS 133182). H. Diaporthe tecomae (CBS 100547). I. Diaporthe limonicola (ex-type CBS 142549). J, K. Alpha conidia. J. Diaporthe cinerascens (CBS 719.96). K. Diaporthe pseudomangiferae (ex-type CBS 101339). L. Beta conidia of Diaporthe eleagni (CBS 504.72). M. Alpha, beta and gamma conidia of Diaporthe limonicola (ex-type CBS 142549). Scale bars = 10 μm. Pictures A–D taken from Van Rensburg et al. (2006); F–H, J–L from Gomes et al. (2013); E, I, M from Guarnaccia & Crous (2017).

Synonym: Phomopsis, Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 484. 1883.

Classification: Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Diaporthales, Diaporthaceae.

Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke. Lectotype designated by Udayanga et al. (2014a): B 70 0009145. Epitype and ex-epitype strain designated by Udayanga et al. (2014a): BPI 892912, AR5193 = CBS 138594.

DNA barcodes (genus): ITS.

DNA barcodes (species): cal, his3, tef1, tub2. Table 4. Fig. 9.

Table 4. DNA barcodes of accepted Diaporthe spp.

Species	Isolates1	GenBank accession numbers2					References
		ITS	tub2	his3	tef1	cal
Diaporthe acaciarum	CBS 138862T	KP004460	KP004509	KP004504	–	–	Crous et al. (2014b)
D. acaciigena	CBS 129521T	KC343005	KC343973	KC343489	KC343731	KC343247	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. acericola	MFLUCC 17-0956T	KY964224	KY964074	–	KY964180	KY964137	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. acerina	CBS 137.27	KC343006	KC343974	KC343490	KC343732	KC343248	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. acutispora	CGMCC 3.18285T	KX986764	KX999195	KX999235	KX999155	KX999274	Gao et al. (2017)
D. alleghaniensis	CBS 495.72T	FJ889444	KC843228	KC343491	GQ250298	KC343249	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. alnea	CBS 146.46T	KC343008	KC343976	KC343492	KC343734	KC343250	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. ambigua	CBS 114015T	KC343010	KC343978	KC343494	KC343736	KC343252	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. ampelina	CBS 114016T	AF230751	JX275452	–	GQ250351	JX197443	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. amygdali	CBS 126679T	KC343022	KC343990	KC343506	KC343748	KC343264	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. anacardii	CBS 720.97T	KC343024	KC343992	KC343508	KC343750	KC343266	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. angelicae	CBS 111592T	KC343026	KC343994	KC343511	KC343752	KC343268	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. apiculatum	LC 3418T	KP267896	KP293476	KP293550	KP267970	–	Gao et al. (2016)
D. aquatica	IFRDCC 3051T	JQ797437	–	–	–	–	Hu et al. (2012)
D. arctii	DP0482, CBS 139280	KJ590736	KJ610891	KJ659218	KJ590776	KJ612133	Udayanga et al. (2015)
D. arecae	CBS 161.64T	KC343032	KC344000	KC343516	KC343758	KC343274	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. arengae	CBS 114979T	KC343034	KC344002	KC343518	KC343760	KC343276	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. aseana	MFLUCC 12-0299aT	KT459414	KT459432	–	KT459448	KT459464	Hyde et al. (2016)
D. asheicola	CBS 136967T	KJ160562	KJ160518	–	KJ160594	KJ160542	Lombard et al. (2014)
D. aspalathi	CBS 117169T	KC343036	KC344004	KC343520	KC343762	KC343278	Van Rensburg et al. (2006)
D. australafricana	CBS 111886T	KC343038	KC344006	KC343522	KC343764	KC343280	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. baccae	CBS 136972T	KJ160565	MF418509	MF418264	KJ160597	–	Lombard et al. (2014)
D. batatas	CBS 122.21	KC343040	KC344008	KC343524	KC343766	KC343282	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. beckhausii	CBS 138.27	KC343041	KC344009	KC343525	KC343767	KC343283	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. beilharziae	BRIP 54792T	JX862529	KF170921	–	JX862535	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. benedicti	BPI 893190T	KM669929	–	–	KM669785	KM669862	Lawrence et al. (2015)
D. betulae	CFCC 50469T	KT732950	KT733020	KT732999	KT733016	KT732997	Du et al. (2016)
D. betulicola	CFCC 51128T	KX024653	KX024657	KX024661	KX024655	KX024659	Du et al. (2016)
D. bicincta	CBS 121004T	KC343134	KC344102	KC343618	KC343860	KC343376	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. biconispora	CGMCC 3.17252T	KJ490597	KJ490418	KJ490539	KJ490476	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. biguttulata	ICMP20657T	KJ490582	KJ490403	KJ490524	KJ490461	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. biguttusis	CGMCC 3.17081T	KF576282	KF576306	–	KF576257	–	Gao et al. (2015)
D. bohemiae	CBS 143347T	MG281015	MG281188	MG281361	MG281536	MG281710	Guarnaccia et al. (2018)
D. brasiliensis	CBS 133183T	KC343042	KC344010	KC343526	KC343768	KC343284	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. caatingaensis	CBS 141542T	KY085927	KY115600	KY115605	KY115603	KY115597	Crous et al. (2016a)
D. camptothecicola	CFCC 51632T	KY203726	KY228893	KY228881	KY228887	KY228877	Yang et al. (2017c)
D. canthii	CBS 132533T	JX069864	KC843230	–	KC843120	KC843174	Crous et al. (2012b)
D. carpini	CBS 114437	KC343044	KC344012	KC343528	KC343770	KC343286	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. cassines	CBS 136440T	KF777155	–	–	KF777244	–	Crous et al. (2013)
D. caulivora	CBS 127268T	KC343045	KC344013	KC343529	KC343771	KC343287	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. celastrina	CBS 139.27T	KC343047	KC344015	KC343531	KC343773	KC343289	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. celeris	CBS 143349T	MG281017	MG281190	MG281363	MG281538	MG281712	Guarnaccia et al. (2018)
D. ceratozamiae	CBS 131306T	JQ044420	–	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2011b)
D. cf. heveae 1	CBS 852.97	KC343116	KC344084	KC343600	KC343842	KC343358	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. cf. heveae 2	CBS 681.84	KC343117	KC344085	KC343601	KC343843	KC343359	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. chamaeropis	CBS 454.81	KC343048	KC344016	KC343532	KC343774	KC343290	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. charlesworthii	BRIP 54884mT	KJ197288	KJ197268	–	KJ197250	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. cichorii	MFLUCC 17-1023T	KY964220	KY964104	–	KY964176	KY964133	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. cinerascens	CBS 719.96	KC343050	KC344018	KC343534	KC343776	KC343292	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. cissampeli	CBS 141331T	KX228273	KX228384	KX228366	–	–	Crous et al. (2016b)
D. citri	CBS 135422T	KC843311	KC843187	MF418281	KC843071	KC843157	Udayanga et al. (2014b)
D. citriasiana	CBS 134240T	JQ954645	KC357459	MF418282	JQ954663	KC357491	Huang et al. (2013)
D. citrichinensis	CBS 134242T	JQ954648	MF418524	KJ420880	JQ954666	KC357494	Huang et al. (2013)
D. compacta	LC3083T	KP267854	KP293434	KP293508	KP267928	–	Gao et al. (2016)
D. convolvuli	CBS 124654	KC343054	KC344022	KC343538	KC343780	KC343296	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. crataegi	CBS 114435	KC343055	KC344023	KC343539	KC343781	KC343297	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. crotalariae	CBS 162.33T	KC343056	KC344024	KC343540	KC343782	KC343298	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. cucurbitae	DAOM 42078T	KM453210	KP118848	KM453212	KM453211	–	Udayanga et al. (2015)
D. cuppatea	CBS 117499T	AY339322	JX275420	KC343541	AY339354	JX197414	Van Rensburg et al. (2006)
D. cynaroidis	CBS 122676	KC343058	KC344026	KC343542	KC343784	KC343300	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. cytosporella	CBS 137020T	KC843307	KC843221	MF418283	KC843116	KC843141	Udayanga et al. (2014b)
D. decedens	CBS 109772	KC343059	KC344027	KC343543	KC343785	KC343301	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. detrusa	CBS 109770	KC343061	KC344029	KC343545	KC343787	KC343303	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. diospyricola	CBS 136552T	KF777156	–	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2013)
D. discoidispora	ICMP20662T	KJ490624	KJ490445	KJ490566	KJ490503	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. dorycnii	MFLUCC 17-1015T	KY964215	KY964099	–	KY964171	–	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. elaeagni-glabrae	CGMCC 3.18287T	KX986779	KX999212	KX999251	KX999171	KX999281	Gao et al. (2017)
D. eleagni	CBS 504.72	KC343064	KC344032	KC343548	KC343790	KC343306	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. ellipicola	CGMCC 3.17084T	KF576270	KF576294	–	KF576245	–	Gao et al. (2015)
D. endophytica	CBS 133811T	KC343065	KC344033	KC343549	KC343791	KC343307	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. eres	CBS 138594T	KJ210529	KJ420799	KJ420850	KJ210550	KJ434999	Udayanga et al. (2014a)
D. eucalyptorum	CBS 132525T	JX069862	–	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2012b)
D. eugeniae	CBS 444.82	KC343098	KC344066	KC343582	KC343824	KC343340	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. fibrosa	CBS 109751	KC343099	KC344067	KC343583	KC343825	KC343341	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. foeniculina	CBS 111553T	KC343101	KC344069	KC343585	KC343827	KC343343	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. fraxini-angustifoliae	BRIP 54781T	JX862528	KF170920	–	JX862534	–	Tan et al. (2013)
D. fusicola	CGMCC 3.17087T	KF576281	KF576305	–	KF576256	KF576233	Gao et al. (2015)
D. ganjae	CBS 180.91T	KC343112	KC344080	KC343596	KC343838	KC343354	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. gardeniae	CBS 288.56	KC343113	KC344081	KC343597	KC343839	KC343355	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. garethjonesii	MFLUCC 12-0542aT	KT459423	KT459441	–	KT459457	KT459470	Hyde et al. (2016)
D. goulteri	BRIP 55657aT	KJ197290	KJ197270	–	KJ197252	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. gulyae	BRIP 54025T	JF431299	KJ197271	–	JN645803	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. helianthi	CBS 592.81T	KC343115	KC344083	KC343599	KC343841	JX197454	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. helicis	CBS 138596T	KJ210538	KJ420828	KJ420875	KJ210559	KJ435043	Udayanga et al. (2014a)
D. heterophyllae	CBS 143769T	MG600222	MG600226	MG600220	MG600224	MG600218	Present study
D. hickoriae	CBS 145.26T	KC343118	KC344086	KC343602	KC343844	KC343360	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. hispaniae	CBS 143351T	MG281123	MG281296	MG281471	MG281644	MG281820	Guarnaccia et al. (2018)
D. hongkongensis	CBS 115448T	KC343119	KC344087	KC343603	KC343845	KC343361	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. hordei	CBS 481.92	KC343120	KC344088	KC343604	KC343846	KC343362	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. hungariae	CBS 143353T	MG281126	MG281299	MG281474	MG281647	MG281823	Guarnaccia et al. (2018)
D. impulsa	CBS 114434	KC343121	KC344089	KC343605	KC343847	KC343363	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. incompleta	CGMCC 3.18288T	KX986794	KX999226	KX999265	KX999186	KX999289	Gao et al. (2017)
D. inconspicua	CBS 133813T	KC343123	KC344091	KC343607	KC343849	KC343365	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. infecunda	CBS 133812T	KC343126	KC344094	KC343610	KC343852	KC343368	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. infertilis	CBS 230.52T	KC343052	KC344020	KC343536	KC343778	KC343294	Guarnaccia & Crous (2017)
D. isoberliniae	CBS 137981T	KJ869133	KJ869245	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2014c)
D. juglandicola	CFCC 51134T	KU985101	KX024634	–	KX024628	KX024616	Yang et al. (2017a)
D. kongii	BRIP 54031T	JF431301	KJ197272	–	JN645797	–	Thompson et al. (2011)
D. leucospermi	CBS 111980T	JN712460	KY435673	KY435653	KY435632	KY435663	Crous et al. (2011c)
D. limonicola	CBS 142549T	MF418422	MF418582	MF418342	MF418501	MF418256	Guarnaccia & Crous (2017)
D. litchicola	BRIP 54900T	JX862533	KF170925	–	JX862539	–	Tan et al. (2013)
D. lithocarpus	CGMCC 3.15175T	KC153104	KF576311	–	KC153095	–	Gao et al. (2014)
D. litoricola	MFLUCC 16-1195T	MF190139	–	–	–	–	Senanayake et al. (2017)
D. longicicola	CGMCC 3.17089T	KF576267	KF576291	–	KF576242	–	Gao et al. (2015)
D. longicolla	FAU 599T	KJ590728	KJ610883	KJ659188	KJ590767	KJ612124	Udayanga et al. (2015)
D. longispora	CBS 194.36T	KC343135	KC344103	KC343619	KC343861	KC343377	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. lonicerae	MFLUCC 17-0963T	KY964190	KY964073	–	KY964146	KY964116	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. lusitanicae	CBS 123212T	KC343136	KC344104	KC343620	KC343862	KC343378	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. macintoshii	BRIP 55064aT	KJ197289	KJ197269	–	KJ197251	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. mahothocarpus	CGMCC 3.15181	KC153096	–	–	KC153087	–	Gao et al. (2014)
D. malorum	CBS142383T	KY435638	KY435668	KY435648	KY435627	KY435658	Santos et al. (2017)
D. manihotia	CBS 505.76	KC343138	KC344106	KC343622	KC343864	KC343380	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. maritima	DAOMC 250563T	KU552025	KU574615	–	KU552023	–	Tanney et al. (2016)
D. masirevicii	BRIP 57892aT	KJ197277	KJ197257	–	KJ197239	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. mayteni	CBS 133185T	KC343139	KC344107	KC343623	KC343865	KC343381	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. maytenicola	CBS 136441T	KF777157	KF777250	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2013)
D. megalospora	CBS 143.27	KC343140	KC344108	KC343624	KC343866	KC343382	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. melitensis	CBS 142551T	MF418424	MF418584	MF418344	MF418503	MF418258	Guarnaccia & Crous (2017)
D. melonis	CBS 507.78T	KC343142	KC344110	KC343626	KC343868	KC343384	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. middletonii	BRIP 54884eT	KJ197286	KJ197266	–	KJ197248	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. miriciae	BRIP 54736jT	KJ197283	KJ197263	–	KJ197245	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. momicola	MFLUCC 16-0113T	KU557563	KU557587	–	KU557631	KU557611	Dissanayake et al. (2017c)
D. multigutullata	ICMP20656T	KJ490633	KJ490454	KJ490575	KJ490512	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. musigena	CBS 129519T	KC343143	KC344111	KC343627	KC343869	KC343385	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. neilliae	CBS 144.27T	KC343144	KC344112	KC343628	KC343870	KC343386	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. neoarctii	CBS 109490	KC343145	KC344113	KC343629	KC343871	KC343387	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. neoraonikayaporum	MFLUCC 14-1136T	KU712449	KU743988	–	KU749369	KU749356	Doilom et al. (2017)
D. nomurai	CBS 157.29	KC343154	KC344122	KC343638	KC343880	KC343396	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. nothofagi	BRIP 54801T	JX862530	KF170922	–	JX862536	–	Tan et al. (2013)
D. novem	CBS 127271T	KC343157	KC344125	KC343641	KC343883	KC343399	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. obtusifoliae	CBS 143449T	MG386072	–	MG386137	–	–	Crous et al. (2017b)
D. ocoteae	CBS 141330T	KX228293	KX228388	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2016b)
D. oncostoma	CBS 589.78	KC343162	KC344130	KC343646	KC343888	KC343404	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. oraccinii	LC 3166T	KP267863	KP293443	KP293517	KP267937	–	Gao et al. (2016)
D. ovalispora	ICMP20659T	KJ490628	KJ490449	KJ490570	KJ490507	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. ovoicicola	CGMCC 3.17092T	KF576264	KF576288	–	KF576239	KF576222	Gao et al. (2015)
D. oxe	CBS 133186T	KC343164	KC344132	KC343648	KC343890	KC343406	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. padi var. padi	CBS 114200	KC343169	KC344137	KC343653	KC343895	KC343411	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. paranensis	CBS 133184	KC343171	KC344139	KC343655	KC343897	KC343413	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. parapterocarpi	CBS 137986T	KJ869138	KJ869248	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2014c)
D. pascoei	BRIP 54847T	JX862532	KF170924	–	JX862538	–	Tan et al. (2013)
D. passiflorae	CBS 132527T	JX069860	KY435674	KY435654	KY435633	KY435664	Crous et al. (2012b)
D. passifloricola	CBS 141329T	KX228292	KX228387	KX228367	–	–	Crous et al. (2016b)
D. penetriteum	LC 3353	KP714505	KP714529	KP714493	KP714517	–	Gao et al. (2016)
D. perjuncta	CBS 109745T	KC343172	KC344140	KC343656	KC343898	KC343414	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. perniciosa	CBS 124030	KC343149	KC344117	KC343633	KC343875	KC343391	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. perseae	CBS 151.73	KC343173	KC344141	KC343657	KC343899	KC343415	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. pescicola	MFLUCC 16-0105T	KU557555	KU557579	–	KU557623	KU557603	Dissanayake et al. (2017c)
D. phaseolorum	DP0482, CBS 139280	KJ590738	KJ610893	KJ659220	KJ590739	KJ612135	Udayanga et al. (2015)
D. phragmitis	CBS 138897T	KP004445	KP004507	KP004503	–	–	Crous et al. (2014b)
D. podocarpi-macrophylli	CGMCC3.18281T	KX986774	KX999207	KX999246	KX999167	KX999278	Gao et al. (2017)
D. pseudomangiferae	CBS 101339T	KC343181	KC344149	KC343665	KC343907	KC343423	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. pseudophoenicicola	CBS 462.69T	KC343184	KC344152	KC343668	KC343910	KC343426	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. pseudotsugae	MFLU 15-3228	KY964225	KY964108	–	KY964181	KY964138	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. psoraleae	CBS 136412T	KF777158	KF777251	–	KF777245	–	Crous et al. (2013)
D. psoraleae-pinnatae	CBS 136413T	KF777159	KF777252	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2013)
D. pterocarpi	MFLUCC 10-0571	JQ619899	JX275460	–	JX275416	JX197451	Udayanga et al. (2012)
D. pterocarpicola	MFLUCC 10-0580a	JQ619887	JX275441	–	JX275403	JX197433	Udayanga et al. (2012)
D. pulla	CBS 338.89T	KC343152	KC344120	KC343636	KC343878	KC343394	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. pustulata	CBS 109742	KC343185	KC344153	KC343669	KC343911	KC343427	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. pyracanthae	CBS142384T	KY435635	KY435666	KY435645	KY435625	KY435656	Santos et al. (2017)
D. racemosae	CBS 143770T	MG600223	MG600227	MG600221	MG600225	MG600219	Present study
D. raonikayaporum	CBS 133182T	KC343188	KC344156	KC343672	KC343914	KC343430	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. ravennica	MFLUCC 15-0479T	KU900335	KX432254	–	KX365197	–	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. rhoina	CBS 146.27	KC343189	KC344157	KC343673	KC343915	KC343431	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. rostrata	CFCC 50062T	KP208847	KP208855	KP208851	KP208853	KP208849	Fan et al. (2015)
D. rudis	CBS 113201	KC343234	KC344202	KC343718	KC343960	KC343476	Udayanga et al. (2014b)
D. saccarata	CBS 116311T	KC343190	KC344158	KC343674	KC343916	KC343432	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. sackstonii	BRIP 54669bT	KJ197287	KJ197267	–	KJ197249	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. salicicola	BRIP 54825T	JX862531	KF170923	–	JX862537	–	Tan et al. (2013)
D. sambucusii	CFCC 51986T	KY852495	KY852511	KY852503	KY852507	KY852499	Yang et al. (2018)
D. schini	CBS 133181T	KC343191	KC344159	KC343675	KC343917	KC343433	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. schisandrae	CFCC 51988T	KY852497	KY852513	KY852505	KY852509	KY852501	Yang et al. (2018)
D. schoeni	MFLU 15-1279T	KY964226	KY964109	–	KY964182	KY964139	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. sclerotioides	CBS 296.67T	KC343193	KC344161	KC343677	KC343919	KC343435	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. scobina	CBS 251.38	KC343195	KC344163	KC343679	KC343921	KC343437	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. sennae	CFCC 51636T	KY203724	KY228891	–	KY228885	KY228875	Yang et al. (2017b)
D. sennicola	CFCC 51634T	KY203722	KY228889	–	KY228883	KY228873	Yang et al. (2017b)
D. serafiniae	BRIP 55665aT	KJ197274	KJ197254	–	KJ197236	–	Thompson et al. (2015)
D. siamensis	MFLUCC 10-0573a	JQ619879	JX275429	–	JX275393	–	Udayanga et al. (2012)
D. sojae	CBS 139282T	KJ590719	KJ610875	KJ659208	KJ590762	KJ612116	Udayanga et al. (2015)
D. spartinicola	CBS 140003T	KR611879	KR857695	KR857696	–	–	Crous et al. (2015c)
D. sterilis	CBS 136969T	KJ160579	KJ160528	MF418350	KJ160611	KJ160548	Lombard et al. (2014)
D. stewartii	CBS 193.36	FJ889448	–	–	GQ250324	–	Santos et al. (2010)
D. stictica	CBS 370.54	KC343212	KC344180	KC343696	KC343938	KC343454	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. subclavata	ICMP20663T	KJ490630	KJ490451	KJ490572	KJ490509	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. subordinaria	CBS 101711	KC343213	KC344181	KC343697	KC343939	KC343455	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. taoicola	MFLUCC 16-0117T	KU557567	KU557591	–	KU557635	–	Dissanayake et al. (2017c)
D. tecomae	CBS 100547	KC343215	KC344183	KC343699	KC343941	KC343457	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. tectonae	MFLUCC 12-0777T	KU712430	KU743977	–	KU749359	KU749345	Doilom et al. (2017)
D. tectonendophytica	MFLUCC 13-0471T	KU712439	KU743986	–	KU749367	KU749354	Doilom et al. (2017)
D. tectonigena	MFLUCC 12-0767T	KU712429	KU743976	–	KU749371	KU749358	Doilom et al. (2017)
D. terebinthifolii	CBS 133180T	KC343216	KC344184	KC343700	KC343942	KC343458	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. ternstroemia	CGMCC 3.15183T	KC153098	–	–	KC153089	–	Gao et al. (2014)
D. thunbergii	MFLUCC 10-0756a	JQ619893	JX275449	–	JX275409	JX197440	Udayanga et al. (2012)
D. torilicola	MFLUCC 17-1051T	KY964212	KY964096	–	KY964168	KY964127	Dissanayake et al. (2017a)
D. toxica	CBS 534.93T	KC343220	KC344188	KC343704	KC343946	KC343462	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. toxicodendri	FFPRI420987	LC275192	LC275224	LC275216	LC275216	LC275200	Ando et al. (2017)
D. tulliensis	BRIP 62248a	KR936130	KR936132	–	KR936133	–	Crous et al. (2015e)
D. ueckerae	FAU 656	KJ590726	KJ610881	KJ659215	KJ590747	KJ612122	Huang et al. (2015)
D. undulata	CGMCC 3.18293T	KX986798	KX999230	KX999269	KX999190	–	Gao et al. (2017)
D. unshiuensis	CGMCC3.17569T	KJ490587	KJ490408	KJ490529	KJ490466	–	Huang et al. (2015)
D. vaccinii	CBS 160.32T	AF317578	KC344196	KC343712	GQ250326	KC343470	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. vangueriae	CBS 137985T	KJ869137	KJ869247	–	–	–	Crous et al. (2014c)
D. vawdreyi	BRIP 57887a	KR936126	KR936128		KR936129	–	Crous et al. (2015e)
D. velutina	CGMCC 3.18286T	KX986790	KX999223	KX999261	KX999182	–	Gao et al. (2017)
D. vexans	CBS 127.14	KC343229	KC344197	KC343713	KC343955	KC343471	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. virgiliae	CBS 138788T	KP247573	KP247582	–	–	–	Machingambi et al. (2015)
D. woodii	CBS 558.93	KC343244	KC344212	KC343728	KC343970	KC343486	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. woolworthii	CBS 148.27	KC343245	KC344213	KC343729	KC343971	KC343487	Gomes et al. (2013)
D. xishuangbanica	CGMCC 3.18282T	KX986783	KX999216	KX999255	KX999175	–	Gao et al. (2017)
D. yunnanensis	CGMCC 3.18289T	KX986796	KX999228	KX999267	KX999188	KX999290	Gao et al. (2017)

1

BRIP: Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Brisbane, Australia; CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; CFCC: China Forestry Culture Collection Center, Beijing, China; CGMCC: Chinese General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, Beijing, China; DAOM: Plant Research Institute, Department of Agriculture (Mycology), Ottawa, Canada; DAOMC: Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures, Ottawa, Canada; FAU: Isolates in culture collection of Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory; FFPRI: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan; ICMP: International Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand; IFRDCC: International Fungal Research and Development Culture Collection; MFLU: Mae Fah Luang University herbarium, Thailand; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; LC: Working collection of Lei Cai, housed at Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ^T indicates ex-type strains.

2

ITS: internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA; tub2: partial β-tubulin gene; his3: partial histone H3 gene; tef1: partial elongation factor 1-alpha gene; cal: partial calmodulin gene.

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Fig. 9. Consensus phylogram of 2 052 trees resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the combined ITS (637 bp), tub2 (833 bp), his3 (592 bp), tef1 (496 bp) and cal (817 bp) sequence alignment of Diaporthe spp. Bootstrap support values and Bayesian posterior probability values are indicated at the nodes. Substrate and country of origin are listed next to the strain numbers. The newly recognised species are showed in bold. The tree was rooted to Diaporthella corylina CBS 121124. ^T indicates ex-type strain. TreeBASE: S21865.

Ascomata immersed in substrate, subglobose or irregular, solitary or clustered in groups, often erumpent through a pseudostroma mostly surrounding ascomata with more or less elongated ascomatal necks. Pseudostroma distinct, often delimited with dark lines. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, sessile, elongate to clavate or cylindrical, loosening from ascogenous cells at an early stage and floating free in ascomata. Ascospores biseriate to uniseriate in ascus, fusoid, ellipsoid to cylindrical, straight, inequilateral or curved, septate, hyaline, sometimes with appendages. Conidiomata pycnidial, deeply embedded in culture on several media, globose to conical, eustromatic, multilocular, occasionally with ostiolate necks, scattered or aggregated, brown to black, surface covered with hyphae, cream to pale luteous or yellowish, conidial droplets or cirrus exuding from central ostioles; conidiomatal wall consisting of pale brown, thick walled, textura angularis. Conidiophores cylindrical to clavate, straight to sinuous, densely aggregated, branched, 0–6-septate, smooth, hyaline in upper region, pale brown at base. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, cylindrical, terminal and lateral, tapering slightly towards apex. Paraphyses occasionally produced, intermingled among conidiophores, hyaline, smooth, 1–3-septate. Alpha conidia aseptate, generally hyaline, smooth, fusiform to ellipsoidal, with obtuse or acute to rounded ends, non- to multi-guttulate, but often bi-guttulate. Beta conidia aseptate, hyaline, filiform, smooth, straight or more often hooked, eguttulate, tapering or truncated towards ends. Gamma conidia rarely produced, hyaline, smooth, non- to multi-guttulate, fusiform to subcylindrical with acute or rounded apex (adapted from Gomes et al., 2013, Udayanga et al., 2014a).

Culture characteristics: Colonies on MEA, PDA and OA producing abundant compact, flattened, aerial mycelium, sometimes in rings, with an entire to irregular margin, white, cream to yellowish or pale olivaceous grey, smoke grey to grey, cottony; reverse pale brown to grey, dark green, producing brownish dots with age, with solitary or aggregated conidiomata at maturity.

Optimal media and cultivation conditions: On MEA, PDA and OA at 25 °C, or sterile pine needles placed on SNA at 25 °C under near-ultraviolet light (12 h light, 12 h dark) to induce sporulation of the asexual morph.

Distribution: Worldwide.

Hosts: On a wide range of plant families.

Disease symptoms: Root and fruit rots, dieback, stem cankers, leaf spots, leaf and pod blights, and seed decay.

Notes: The genus Diaporthe presently includes 213 species supported by ex-type cultures and supplementary DNA barcodes, which include endophytes, saprobes and important plant pathogenic species. Recent phylogenetic analyses of the genus Diaporthe grouped some of those species into complexes, such as D. arecae, D. eres and D. sojae (Huang et al., 2013, Udayanga et al., 2014a, Udayanga et al., 2015). Several pathology studies confirmed Diaporthe species to be associated with diverse suites of diseases (Fig. 7) on a broad range of economically important agricultural crops (Udayanga et al. 2011). More than one Diaporthe species is frequently reported as causative agents of the same disease (Thompson et al., 2011, Guarnaccia et al., 2016).

 Although Diaporthe was historically considered monophyletic based on the typical phomopsis-like asexual morph, the paraphyletic nature of this genus was recently revealed (Gao et al., 2017, Senanayake et al., 2017). Most of the known species in early literature were described in relation to their host association and morphological characters. However, a single species of Diaporthe can be found on diverse hosts, and can co-occur on the same host or lesion in different life modes. Phylogenetic studies demonstrated that morphological characters are not always reliable for species level identification due to their variability under changing environmental conditions (Gomes et al. 2013). As a consequence, identification and description of species based on host association alone is no longer tenable. For accurate species delimitation, phylogenetic inference of the ITS, cal, his3, tef1 and tub2 or combinations of these is required.

References: Mostert et al., 2001, Van Niekerk et al., 2005, Thompson et al., 2011, Guarnaccia et al., 2016, Guarnaccia et al., 2018 (morphology, pathogenicity and phylogeny); Udayanga et al., 2011, Udayanga et al., 2014a, Udayanga et al., 2015, Gomes et al., 2013 (morphology and phylogeny); Dissanayake et al., 2017b, Dissanayake et al., 2017c, Gao et al., 2017 (phylogeny).

Diaporthe heterophyllae

Guarnaccia & Crous, sp. nov. MycoBank MB823830. Fig. 10.

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Fig. 10. Diaporthe heterophyllae (ex-type CBS 143769). A–C. Colonies on MEA, PDA and OA, respectively. D. Conidiomata sporulating on PNA. E. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. F. Alpha and beta conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology: Name refers to Acacia heterophylla, the host from which this fungus was collected.

On PNA: Conidiomata 250–350 μm diam, pycnidial, globose or irregular, solitary, deeply embedded in media, erumpent, dark brown to black, whitish translucent to yellow conidial drops and/or cirrus exuded from ostioles; conidiomatal wall consisting of 3–4 layers of medium brown textura angularis. Conidiophores 7–22 × 1.5–4 μm, hyaline, smooth, 0–1-septate, densely aggregated, cylindrical, straight. Conidiogenous cells 6–9 × 1–2 μm, phialidic, hyaline, terminal, cylindrical, tapered towards apex. Paraphyses not observed. Alpha conidia 6–10.5 × 2.5–4.5 μm, mean ± SD = 8.4 ± 1.1 × 3.2 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6, aseptate, ovate to ellipsoidal, hyaline, multi-guttulate and acute or rounded at both ends. Beta conidia 17–24 × 1–2 μm, mean ± SD = 21.7 ± 1.8 × 1.5 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 14.5, hyaline, aseptate, eguttulate, filiform, curved, tapering towards both ends. Gamma conidia not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies covering medium within 10 d at 21 °C, with surface mycelium flattened, dense and felty. Colony on MEA, PDA and OA at first white, becoming cream to yellowish, flat on MEA and OA, dense, felted on PDA; reverse grey with brownish dots with age, with visible solitary conidiomata at maturity on all media.

Material examined: France, La Rèunion, on Acacia heterophylla (Fabaceae), 8 Mar. 2015, P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23376, culture ex-type CBS 143769 = CPC 26215).

Notes: Diaporthe heterophyllae is phylogenetically close but clearly differentiated from D. eres based on ITS, tef1, tub2, his3 and cal sequence similarity (98 %, 88 %, 97 %, 95 %, and 97 %, respectively). Morphologically, D. heterophyllae differs from D. eres in its longer alpha conidia (6.5–10.5 vs. 6–8.5 μm) and in its shorter beta conidia (17–24 vs. 22–28 μm) (Udayanga et al. 2014a).

Diaporthe racemosae A.R. Wood, Guarnaccia & Crous, sp. nov. MycoBank MB823831. Fig. 11.

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Fig. 11. Diaporthe racemosae (ex-type CBS 143770). A–C. Colonies on MEA, PDA and OA, respectively. D. Conidiomata sporulating on PNA. E. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. F. Alpha conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology: Name refers to Euclea racemosa, the host from which this fungus was collected.

On PNA: Conidiomata 350–600 μm diam, pycnidial, globose or irregular, solitary, deeply embedded in media, erumpent, dark brown to black, yellowish translucent to pale brown conidial drops and/or cirrus exuded from ostioles; conidiomatal wall consisting of 3–4 layers of pale brown textura angularis. Conidiophores 7–17 × 2–4 μm, hyaline, smooth, 0–1-septate, densely aggregated, cylindrical, straight. Conidiogenous cells 5.5–8 × 1–2 μm, phialidic, hyaline, terminal, subcylindrical, tapered towards apex. Paraphyses not observed. Alpha conidia 4–6.5 × 2–3 μm, mean ± SD = 5.7 ± 0.6 × 2.3 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.5, aseptate, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, hyaline, non- to multi-guttulate and acute or rounded at both ends. Beta and gamma conidia not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies covering medium within 10 d at 21 °C, with surface mycelium flattened, dense and felty. Colony on MEA and OA at first white, becoming olivaceous to dark grey. On PDA at first white, becoming white to yellowish; reverse grey with brownish dots with age, with visible solitary conidiomata at maturity on all media.

Material examined: South Africa, Western Cape, Bot River, from Euclea racemosa (Ebenaceae), 29 Dec. 2014, A.R. Wood (holotype CBS H-23377, culture ex-type CBS 143770 = CPC 26646).

Notes: Diaporthe racemosae is phylogenetically close but clearly differentiated from D. schini based on ITS, tef1, tub2, his3 and cal sequence similarity (98 %, 94 %, 98 %, 94 %, and 96 %, respectively). Moreover, D. racemosa produces only alpha conidia, while D. schini produces only beta conidia (Gomes et al. 2013).

Authors: V. Guarnaccia, A.R. Wood & P.W. Crous