Bipolaris
Shoemaker Canad. J. Bot. 37: 882. 1959.
- Synonym: Cochliobolus Drechsler, Phytopathology 24: 973. 1934.
- Classification: Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae.
- Type species: Bipolaris maydis (Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake) Shoemaker. Neotype and ex-neotype culture: ATCC 48332, CBS 137271.
- DNA barcodes (genus): LSU, ITS.
- DNA barcodes (species): ITS, gapdh, tef1.
Ascomata pseudothecial, mostly globose to ellipsoidal, sometimes flask-shaped or flattened on hard substrata, brown or black, immersed, erumpent, partially embedded or superficial, free, smooth or covered with vegetative hyphae; ostiole central, papillate or with a sub-conical, conical, paraboloid or cylindrical neck; ascomatal wall comprising pseudoparenchymatous cells of equal thickness or slightly thickened at apex of the ascoma. Hamathecium comprising septate, filiform, branched pseudoparaphyses. Asci bitunicate, clavate, cylindrical-clavate or broadly fusoid, straight or slightly curved, thin-walled, fissitunicate, often becoming more or less distended prior to dehiscence, short pedicellate, rounded at apex. Ascospores multiseriate, filiform or flagelliform, hyaline or sometimes pale yellow or pale brown at maturity, septate, helically coiled within ascus, ascospore coiling moderate to strongly, often with a mucilaginous sheath. Conidiophores single, sometimes arranged in small groups, straight to flexuous or geniculate, pale to dark brown, branched, thick-walled, septate. Conidiogenous nodes smooth to slightly verruculose. Conidia canoe-shaped, fusoid or obclavate, mostly curved, hyaline, pale or dark brown, reddish brown or pale to deep olivaceous, thick-walled, smooth-walled, 3–14-distoseptate, germinating by production of one or two germination tubes by polar cells; hila often slightly protruding or truncate, sometimes inconspicuous; septum ontogeny first septum median to sub-median, second septum delimits basal cell and third delimits distal cell (adapted from Manamgoda et al. 2014).
Culture characteristics:
Colonies on PDA white or pale grey when young, brown or dark grey when mature, fluffy, cottony, raised or convex with papillate surface, margin lobate, undulate, entire or sometimes rhizoid.
Optimal media and cultivation conditions: Sterilised Zea mays leaves placed on 1.5 % WA or slide cultures of PDA under near-ultraviolet light (12 h light, 12 h dark) at 25 °C to induce sporulation of the asexual morph, while for the sexual morph Sach's agar with sterilised rice or wheat straw at 25 °C is used.
Distribution:
Worldwide.
Hosts:
Mainly pathogens of grasses, but some also on non-grass hosts, causing devastating diseases on staple crops in the Poaceae, including rice, maize, wheat and sorghum and on various other host plants. Moreover, this genus can occur on at least 60 other genera in Anacardiaceae, Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae and Zingiberaceae as either saprobes or pathogens.
Disease symptoms:
Leaf spots, leaf blight, melting out, root rot, and foot rot among others.
Notes:
Species delimitation based on morphology alone is limited since many species have overlapping characters. Moreover, the morphology of the sexual morph is of limited value due to difficulties to induce this morph in culture, or find it in nature. The genus is morphologically similar to Curvularia, and distinguishing these genera can be problematic. Both genera contain species with straight or curved conidia, but in Bipolaris the curvature is continuous throughout the length of the conidium, while the conidia of Curvularia have intermediate cells inordinately enlarged which contributes to their curvature. Moreover, conidia in Bipolaris are usually longer than in Curvularia. Another morphological difference is the presence of stromata in some species of Curvularia, a feature not observed in species of Bipolaris. This genus tends to not be host specific. In order to properly delineate both genera, phylogenetic studies using ITS, gapdh and tef1 sequences were recently performed (Manamgoda et al. 2014, 2015).
References:
- Ellis 1971, Sivanesan 1987 (morphology and pathogenicity); Manamgoda et al. 2011, Tan et al. 2016 (morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity); Manamgoda et al. 2014 (morphology, phylogeny, pathogenicity and key of all Bipolaris spp.).
- Ellis MB (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK.
- Manamgoda DS, Cai L, Bahkali AH, et al. (2011). Cochliobolus: an overview and current status of species. Fungal Diversity 51: 3–42.
- Manamgoda DS, Rossman AY, Castlebury LA, et al. (2014). The genus Bipolaris. Studies in Mycology 79: 221–288.
- Manamgoda DS, Rossman AY, Castlebury LA, et al. (2015). A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-appraisal of the genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae): human and plant pathogens. Phytotaxa 212: 175–198.
- Sivanesan A (1987). Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum and their teleomorphs. Mycological Papers 158: 1–261.
- Tan YP, Crous PW, Shivas RG (2016). Eight novel Bipolaris species identified from John L. Alcorn’s collections at the Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium (BRIP). Mycological Progress 15: 1203–1214.
DNA barcodes of accepted Bipolaris spp.
Species |
Isolates1 |
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GenBank accession numbers2 |
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References |
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ITS |
gapdh |
tef1 |
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Bi. austrostipae |
BRIP 12490T |
KX452442 |
KX452408 |
KX452459 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. axonopicola |
BRIP 11740T |
KX452443 |
KX452409 |
KX452460 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. bamagaensis |
BRIP 13577T |
KX452445 |
KX452411 |
KX452462 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
|
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Bi. bicolor |
CBS 690.96 |
KJ909762 |
KM042893 |
KM093776 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
|
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Bi. chloridis |
BRIP 10965T |
KJ415523 |
KJ415423 |
KJ415472 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
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Bi. clavata |
BRIP 12530T |
KJ415524 |
KJ415422 |
KJ415471 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
|
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Bi. coffeana |
BRIP 14845IsoT |
KJ415525 |
KJ415421 |
KJ415470 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
|
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Bi. cookei |
AR 5185 |
KJ922391 |
KM034833 |
KM093777 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. crotonis |
BRIP 14838 |
KJ415526 |
KJ415420 |
KJ415479 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
|
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Bi. cynodontis |
CBS 109894 |
KJ909767 |
KM034838 |
KM093782 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. drechsleri |
CBS 136207T |
KF500530 |
KF500533 |
KM093760 |
Crous et al. (2013), Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. gossypina |
BRIP 14840T |
KJ415528 |
KJ415418 |
KJ415467 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
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Bi. heliconiae |
BRIP 17186T |
KJ415530 |
KJ415417 |
KJ415465 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
|
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Bi. heveae |
CBS 241.92 |
KJ909763 |
KM034843 |
KM093791 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. luttrellii |
BRIP 14643IsoT |
AF071350 |
AF081402 |
- |
Berbee et al. (1999) |
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Bi. maydis |
CBS 137271NT |
AF071325 |
KM034846 |
KM093794 |
Berbee et al. (1999), Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. microlaenae |
CBS 280.91T |
JN601032 |
JN600974 |
JN601017 |
Manamgoda et al. (2011) |
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Bi. microstegii |
CBS 132550T |
JX089579 |
JX089575 |
KM093756 |
Crous et al. (2012), Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. oryzae |
MFLUCC 10-0715NT |
JX256416 |
JX276430 |
JX266585 |
Manamgoda et al. (2012) |
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Bi. panici-miliacei |
CBS 199.29LT |
KJ909773 |
KM042896 |
KM093788 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. peregianensis |
BRIP 12790T |
JN601034 |
JN600977 |
JN601022 |
Manamgoda et al. (2011) |
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Bi. pluriseptata |
BRIP 14839IsoT |
KJ415532 |
KJ415414 |
KJ415461 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
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Bi. sacchari |
ICMP 6227 |
KJ922386 |
KM034842 |
KM093785 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. salkadehensis |
Bi 1T |
AB675490 |
- |
- |
Ahmadpour et al. (2012) |
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Bi. salviniae |
BRIP 16571LT |
KJ415535 |
KJ415411 |
KJ415457 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
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Bi. saccharicola |
CBS 155.26T |
KY905674 |
KY905686 |
KY905694 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Bi. secalis |
BRIP 14453IsoLT |
KJ415537 |
KJ415409 |
KJ415455 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
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Bi. setariae |
CBS 141.31 |
EF452444 |
EF513206 |
- |
Andrie et al. (2008) |
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Bi. shoemakeri |
BRIP 15929T |
KX452453 |
KX452419 |
KX452470 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. simmondsii |
BRIP 12030T |
KX452454 |
KX452420 |
KX452471 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. sivanesaniana |
BRIP 15847T |
KX452455 |
KX452421 |
KX452472 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. sorokiniana |
CBS 110.14 |
KJ922381 |
KM034822 |
KM093763 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. subramanianii |
BRIP 16226T |
KX452457 |
KX452423 |
KX452474 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. urochloae |
ATCC 58317 |
KJ922389 |
KM230396 |
KM093770 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. variabilis |
CBS 127716T |
KY905676 |
KY905688 |
KY905696 |
Marin-Felix et al. (2017) |
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Bi. victoriae |
CBS 327.64T |
KJ909778 |
KM034811 |
KM093748 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. yamadae |
CBS 202.29ET |
KJ909779 |
KM034830 |
KM093773 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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Bi. woodii |
BRIP 12239T |
KX452458 |
KX452424 |
KX4524725 |
Tan et al. (2016) |
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Bi. zeae |
BRIP 11512IsoPT |
KJ415538 |
KJ415408 |
KJ415454 |
Tan et al. (2014) |
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Bi. zeicola |
FIP 532ET |
KM230398 |
KM034815 |
KM093752 |
Manamgoda et al. (2014) |
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1AR, FIP: Isolates housed in Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; Bi: Isolates housed in the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran (TUPP); ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Virginia, USA; BRIP: Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Brisbane, Australia; CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ICMP: International Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Ria, Thailand. T, ET, IsoT, IsoLT, IsoPT, LT and NT indicate ex-type, ex-epitype, ex-isotype, ex-isolectotype, ex-isoparatype, ex-lectotype and ex-neotype strains, respectively.
2ITS: internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S nrDNA; gapdh: partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene; tef1: partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene.
- Ahmadpour A, Heidarian Z, Donyadoost-Chelan M, et al. (2012). A new species of Bipolaris from Iran. Mycotaxon 120: 301–307.
- Andrie RM, Schoch CL, Hedges R, et al. (2008). Homologs of ToxB, a host-selective toxin gene from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, are present in the genome of sister-species Pyrenophora bromi and other members of the Ascomycota. Fungal Genetics and Biology 45: 363–377.
- Berbee ML, Pirseyedi M, Hubbard S (1999). Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia 91: 964–977.
- Crous PW, Shivas RG, Wingfield MJ, et al. (2012). Fungal Planet description sheets: 128–153. Persoonia 29: 146–201.
- Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Guarro J, et al. (2013). Fungal Planet description sheets: 154–213. Persoonia 31: 188–296.
- Manamgoda DS, Cai L, Bahkali AH, et al. (2011). Cochliobolus: an overview and current status of species. Fungal Diversity 51: 3–42.
- Manamgoda DS, Cai L, McKenzie EHC, et al. (2012). A phylogenetic and taxonomic re-evaluation of the Bipolaris – Cochliobolus – Curvularia complex. Fungal Diversity 56: 131–144.
- Manamgoda DS, Rossman AY, Castlebury LA, et al. (2014). The genus Bipolaris. Studies in Mycology 79: 221–288.
- Marin-Felix Y, Groenewald JZ, Cai, L, et al. (2017). Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 1. Studies in Mycology xxxx.
- Tan YP, Crous PW, Shivas RG (2016). Eight novel Bipolaris species identified from John L. Alcorn’s collections at the Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium (BRIP). Mycological Progress 15: 1203–1214.
- Tan YP, Madrid H, Crous PW, et al. (2014). Johnalcornia gen. et. comb. nov., and nine new combinations in Curvularia based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Australasian Plant Pathology 43: 589–603.